{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:54:07Z","timestamp":1792403647191,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]],"date-time":"2015-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1011603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1011603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chlorination byproducts (CBPs) are harmful to human health and the environment. Their formation in chlorine mediated electro-oxidation is a concern for electrochemical urine treatment. We investigated the formation of chlorate, perchlorate, and organic chlorination byproducts (OCBPs) during galvanostatic (10, 15, 20 mA\u00b7cm\u20132) electro-oxidation of urine on boron-doped diamond (BDD) and thermally decomposed iridium oxide film (TDIROF) anodes. In the beginning of the batch experiments, the production of perchlorate was prevented by competing active chlorine and chlorate formation as well as by direct oxidation of organic substances. Perchlorate was only formed at higher specific charges (&amp;gt;17 Ah\u00b7L\u20131 on BDD and &amp;gt;29 Ah\u00b7L\u20131 on TDIROF) resulting in chlorate and perchlorate being the dominant CBPs (&amp;gt;90% of initial chloride). BDD produced mainly short chained OCBPs (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane), whereas longer chained OCBPs (1,2-dichloropropane and 1,2-dichloroethane) were more frequently found on TDIROF. The OCBPs were primarily eliminated by electrochemical stripping: On BDD, this pathway accounted for 40% (dichloromethane) to 100% (tetrachloromethane) and on TDIROF for 90% (1,2-dichloroethane) to 100% (trichloromethane) of what was produced. A post-treatment of the liquid as well as the gas phase should be foreseen if CBP formation cannot be prevented by eliminating chloride or organic substances in a pretreatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]],"date-time":"2015-07-27T14:08:05Z","timestamp":1438006085000},"page":"11062-11069","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Formation\nof Chlorination Byproducts and Their Emission\nPathways in Chlorine Mediated Electro-Oxidation of Urine on Active\nand Nonactive Type Anodes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Hanspeter","family":"Zo\u0308llig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , U\u0308berlandstrasse 133 , ,","place":["Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland, 8600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Remmele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , U\u0308berlandstrasse 133 , ,","place":["Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland, 8600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Fritzsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , U\u0308berlandstrasse 133 , ,","place":["Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland, 8600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eberhard","family":"Morgenroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , U\u0308berlandstrasse 133 , ,","place":["Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland, 8600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai M.","family":"Udert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , U\u0308berlandstrasse 133 , ,","place":["Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland, 8600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"25\u201326","key":"2026090215474931900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2005.02.074","article-title":"Electrochemical\ndisinfection, an environmentally acceptable method of drinking water\ndisinfection?","volume":"50","author":"Kerwick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrochim. 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Hazard.\nMater."},{"key":"2026090215474931900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68318-8_12","article-title":"Electroreduction\nof halogenated organic compounds","volume-title":"Electrochemistry\nfor the Environment","author":"Rondinini","year":"2010"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090215474931900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1021\/es980903g","article-title":"Electrochemical continuous decomposition of chloroform\nand other volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in water using a column\ntype metal impregnated carbon fiber electrode","volume":"33","author":"Sonoyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090215474931900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.1997.131","article-title":"Reductive\nelectrochemical decomposition\nof chloroform on metal electrodes","volume":"2","author":"Sonoyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. 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Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090215474931900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1897\/04-091R.1","article-title":"Screening test battery for pharmaceuticals\nin urine and wastewater","volume":"24","author":"Escher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. 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