{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:40:02Z","timestamp":1789569602074,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,7]],"date-time":"2015-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After initiating a toxic air contaminant (TAC) identification and control program in 1984, the California Air Resources Board adopted regulations to reduce TAC emissions from cars, trucks, stationary sources, and consumer products. This study quantifies ambient concentration and emission trends for the period 1990\u20132012 for seven TACs that are responsible for most of the known cancer risk associated with airborne exposure in California. Of these seven, diesel particulate matter (DPM) is the most important; however DPM is not measured directly. Based on a novel surrogate method, DPM concentrations declined 68%, even though the state\u2019s population increased 31%, diesel vehicle-miles-traveled increased 81%, and the gross state product (GSP) increased 74%. Based on monitoring data, concentrations of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, perchloroethylene, and hexavalent chromium declined 88\u201394%. Also, the ambient and emissions trends for each of these four TACs were similar. Furthermore, these declines generally occurred earlier in California than elsewhere. However, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which are formed in the air photochemically from volatile organic compounds (VOCs), declined only 20\u201321%. The collective cancer risk from exposure to these seven reviewed TACs declined 76%. Significant reduction in cancer risk to California residents from implementation of air toxics controls (especially for DPM) is expected to continue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]],"date-time":"2015-09-04T11:58:28Z","timestamp":1441367908000},"page":"11329-11339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Ambient\nand Emission Trends of Toxic Air Contaminants\nin California"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Ralph","family":"Propper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Air Resources Board , 1001 \u201cI\u201d Street , P.O. Box 2815, , ,","place":["Sacramento, California, United States, 95812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Air Resources Board , 1001 \u201cI\u201d Street , P.O. Box 2815, , ,","place":["Sacramento, California, United States, 95812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Son","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Air Resources Board , 1001 \u201cI\u201d Street , P.O. Box 2815, , ,","place":["Sacramento, California, United States, 95812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Air Resources Board , 1001 \u201cI\u201d Street , P.O. Box 2815, , ,","place":["Sacramento, California, United States, 95812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Air Resources Board , 1001 \u201cI\u201d Street , P.O. Box 2815, , ,","place":["Sacramento, California, United States, 95812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A\u0301lvaro","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Air Resources Board , 1001 \u201cI\u201d Street , P.O. Box 2815, , ,","place":["Sacramento, California, United States, 95812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Croes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Air Resources Board , 1001 \u201cI\u201d Street , P.O. Box 2815, , ,","place":["Sacramento, California, United States, 95812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Air Resources Board , 1001 \u201cI\u201d Street , P.O. Box 2815, , ,","place":["Sacramento, California, United States, 95812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit1","volume-title":"Toxic\nAir Contaminant Identification List","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit2","volume-title":"Consolidated\nTable of OEHHA\/ARB Approved Risk Assessment Health Values","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit3","volume-title":"AB\n2588 Air Toxics \u201cHot Spots\u201dProgram","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit4","unstructured":"U.S. Clean Air Act.\n          \n          www.epa.gov\/ttn\/atw\/112a_def.html (accessed April 24, 2015)."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit5","volume-title":"National\nEmission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit6","unstructured":"Harley, R. A.; Kean, A. J.\n          Chemical Composition\nof Vehicle-Related Volatile Organic Compound Emissions in Central\nCalifornia, Final Report, Contract 00-14CCOS; San Joaquin\nValleywide Air Pollution Study Agency and California Air Resources\nBoard, 2004; www.arb.ca.gov\/airways\/ccos\/docs\/II5_0014_Aug04_fr.pdf (accessed April 24, 2015)."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5084","DOI":"10.1021\/es0604820","article-title":"Effects of reformulated gasoline and motor vehicle\nfleet turnover on emissions and ambient concentrations of benzene","volume":"40","author":"Harley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit8","volume-title":"Analysis of Photochemical\nAssessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) Data to Evaluate a Reformulated\nGasoline (RFG) Effect","author":"Main","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit9","unstructured":"Hammond, D.\n          \n          Ambient trends of benzene\nin California from 1990 through 1995; Technical paper presented\nat U.S. EPA\/AWMA International Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and\nRelated Air Pollutants, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1996; www.arb.ca.gov\/aaqm\/qmosprog\/papers_studies\/benzene.htm (accessed\nOctober 4, 2012)."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D00V17","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD017899","article-title":"Multi-year\ntrends in volatile organic compounds in Los Angeles, California: Five\ndecades of decreasing emissions","volume":"117","author":"Warneke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1021\/es980374g","article-title":"Impact\nof California reformulated gasoline on motor vehicle emissions. 2.\nVolatile organic compound speciation and reactivity","volume":"33","author":"Kirchstetter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00306-X","article-title":"Reductions\nin human benzene exposure in the California South Coast Air Basin","volume":"35","author":"Fruin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090312462286500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1021\/es049316n","article-title":"Temporal changes\nin U.S. benzene\nemissions inferred from atmospheric measurements","volume":"39","author":"Fortin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.063","article-title":"Black carbon\nconcentrations and diesel vehicle emission factors derived from coefficient\nof haze measurements in California: 1967\u20132003","volume":"42","author":"Kirchstetter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.10.054","article-title":"Impact of\nCalifornia\u2019s air pollution laws on black carbon and their implications\nfor direct radiative forcing","volume":"45","author":"Bahadur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500298","article-title":"Evaluation\nof elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter","volume":"13","author":"Schauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.05.037","article-title":"Temporal variability\nof selected air toxics in the United States","volume":"41","author":"McCarthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11861","article-title":"Characterization\nof the chronic risk and hazard of hazardous air pollutants in the\nUnited States using ambient monitoring data","volume":"117","author":"McCarthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit19","volume-title":"Second\nIntegrated Urban Air Toxics Report to Congress","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit20","volume-title":"New Jersey\u2019s Environment\nTrends: Air Toxics","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit21","unstructured":"McCarthy, M. C.; Hafner, H. R.; Raffuse, S. M.; Stiefer, P. S.\n          Temporal Trends in\nAir Toxics: Supplementary Technical Memorandum, STI-903553\u20132582-STM,\n2004; www.ladco.org\/reports\/toxics\/sti\/temporal_trends_in_air_toxics_data.pdf (accessed April 24, 2015)."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit22","unstructured":"Cook, R.; Driver, L.; ; Mullen, M.\n          Trends in Emissions of Air Toxics\nfrom Highway Mobile Sources, 1990 to 2002. 2004. www.epa.gov\/ttn\/chief\/conference\/ei13\/toxics\/cook.pdf (accessed April 24, 2015)."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit23","unstructured":"Heirigs, P. L.; Delaney, S. S.; Dulla, R. G.\n          Evaluation of MOBILE\nModels: MOBILE6.1 (PM), MOBILE6.2 (Toxics), and MOBILE6\/CNG; for American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,\n2004; http:\/\/onlinepubs.trb.org\/onlinepubs\/archive\/NotesDocs\/25-25%287%29_FR.pdf (accessed April 24, 2015)."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090312462286500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2011.580796","article-title":"Inorganic\nand organic aerosols downwind of California\u2019s Roseville Railyard","volume":"45","author":"Cahill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090312462286500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2012.720049","article-title":"Particulate matter\nemissions reductions due to adoption of clean diesel technology at\na major shipping port","volume":"47","author":"Kuwayama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10773","DOI":"10.1021\/es202609q","article-title":"Effects of diesel particle filter\nretrofits and accelerated fleet turnover on drayage truck emissions\nat the Port of Oakland","volume":"45","author":"Dallmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit27","volume-title":"California Almanac of Emissions and Air Quality","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195146288.001.0001","volume-title":"The Mechanisms of Atmospheric\nOxidation of the Aromatic Hydrocarbons","author":"Calvert","year":"2002"},{"issue":"12\u201314","key":"2026090312462286500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00460-4","article-title":"Atmospheric\nchemistry of VOCs and NOX","volume":"34","author":"Atkinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos.\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit30","volume-title":"California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline (CaRFG2)","year":"1991"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090312462286500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1021\/es990193u","article-title":"Products of\nthe gas-phase reactions of 1,3-butadiene with OH and NO3 radicals","volume":"33","author":"Tuazon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit32","volume-title":"Staff Report: Initial Statement\nof Reasons for the Proposed Amendments\nto the Control Measure for Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Operations\nand Adoption of Requirements for Manufacturers and Distributors of\nPerchloroethylene","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L08108","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL019351","article-title":"Long-term\ndecrease in the global atmospheric burden of tetrachlorethylene (C2Cl4)","volume":"31","author":"Simpson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit34","volume-title":"Initial Statement of Reasons for Proposed Rulemaking; Public Hearing\nto Consider the Adoption of a Regulatory Amendment Identifying Hexavalent\nChromium as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Staff Report","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit35","volume-title":"Fate of Hexavalent\nChromium in the Atmosphere","author":"Grohse","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00212-0","article-title":"Homologous series of C1-C10 monocarboxylic acids and C1-C6 carbonyls in Los Angeles air and motor vehicle exhausts","volume":"34","author":"Kawamura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D08305","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016504","article-title":"Summertime formaldehyde\nobservations in New York City: Ambient levels, sources and its contribution\nto HOX radicals","volume":"117","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-3273-2012","article-title":"Primary and secondary\nsources of formaldehyde in urban atmospheres: Houston Texas region","volume":"12","author":"Parrish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit39","volume-title":"Other Search Engines\/Databases","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit40","volume-title":"California Emission Inventory\nDevelopment and Reporting System (CEIDARS)\n2.5 Database Structure"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit41","volume-title":"Mobile Source Emission\nInventory\u2500Current Methods and Data","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit42","volume-title":"Toxic Air Contaminants Monitoring","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit43","volume-title":"iADAM: Air Quality Data Statistics","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit44","volume-title":"2009 Air Monitoring Network\nReport","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit45","volume-title":"Multiple Air Toxics Exposure\nStudy in the South Coast Air Basin (MATES-II)","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit46","volume-title":"Multiple Air Toxics Exposure\nStudy III (MATES III)","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit47","volume-title":"MATES IV Multiple\nAir Toxics Exposure Study"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit48","volume-title":"Air Toxics Data","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit49","author":"Air Toxics Data Analysis Workbook.","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit50","volume-title":"Air Toxics Hot Spots Program\nRisk Assessment Guidelines: Technical\nSupport Document for Exposure Assessment and Stochastic Analysis","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit51","volume-title":"Proposed Amended\nRule 1401, New Source Review of Toxic Air Contaminants","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit52","author":"Traffic Counts.","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit53","volume-title":"Interactive Data","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit54","volume-title":"Report\nto the Air Resources Board on the Proposed Identification\nof Diesel Exhaust as a Toxic Air Contaminant","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit55","volume-title":"Diesel Risk Reduction Plan","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit56","volume-title":"California Almanac of Emissions\nand Air Quality","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1021\/es4044177","article-title":"Verifying emission\nreductions from heavy-duty diesel trucks operating on southern California\nfreeways","volume":"48","author":"Kozawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.11.002","article-title":"Trends in\nthe emissions of volatile\norganic compounds (VOCs) from light-duty gasoline vehicles tested\non chassis dynamometers in southern California","volume":"83","author":"Pang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit59","volume-title":"Low-Emission Vehicle Program","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit60","volume-title":"On-Board Diagnostic II (OBD\nII) Systems - Fact Sheet","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit61","volume-title":"California Reformulated Gasoline\nProgram","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit62","volume-title":"Priority Substances List Assessment\nReport: 1,3-Butadiene","year":"2000"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090312462286500_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00367-1","article-title":"Emissions\nof benzene, toluene, xylenes and 1,3-butadiene from a representative\nportion of the Australian car fleet - models and measurements","volume":"32","author":"Duffy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090312462286500_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(96)00308-1","article-title":"Emission\nof 1,3-butadiene from petrol-driven\nmotor vehicles","volume":"31","author":"Ye","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit65","volume-title":"Staff Report, Proposed\nAirborne Toxic Control Measure for Perchloroethylene\nDry Cleaning Operations, and Technical Support Document","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit66","volume-title":"ATCM for Automotive Maintenance and Repair Activities","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit67","volume-title":"Consumer Products Program\n- Perchloroethylene Activity","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.06.043","article-title":"Determination of hexavalent chromium in ambient air:\nA story of method-induced Cr (III) oxidation","volume":"45","author":"Tirez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit69","volume-title":"Technical Support Document to Proposed ATCM for\nHexavalent Chromium\nEmissions from Chrome Plating and Chromic Acid Anodizing Operations","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit70","volume-title":"National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; Proposed\nStandards for Chromium Emissions from Hard and Decorative Chromium\nElectroplating and Chromium Anodizing Tanks","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit71","volume-title":"Chrome Plating Operations\n\u2013 Background","year":"2012)"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit72","volume-title":"Cooling\nTowers Airborne Toxic Control Measure","year":"1989"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit73","volume-title":"The California Low-Emission\nVehicle Regulations (with Amendments\nEffective December 31, 2012)","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.1021\/es010814v","article-title":"On-Road Measurement\nof Carbonyls in California Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions","volume":"35","author":"Kean","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.1021\/es8002487","article-title":"Carbonyl and nitrogen dioxide emissions from gasoline-\nand diesel-powered motor vehicles","volume":"42","author":"Ban-Weiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit76","volume-title":"Air Quality Impacts of the\nUse of Ethanol in California Reformulated\nGasoline, Final Report to the California Environmental Policy Council","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit77","volume-title":"Rulemaking to Consider Adoption\nof the Proposed Airborne Toxic Control\nMeasure (ATCM) to Reduce Formaldehyde Emissions from Composite Wood\nProducts","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit78","volume-title":"National Air Toxics Trends\nStations","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit79","volume-title":"Interagency Monitoring of\nProtected Visual Environments","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit80","volume-title":"Rice\nStraw Management","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit81","volume-title":"Air Quality\nSystem","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit82","volume-title":"Ambient Concentrations of\nSelected Air Toxics","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1995.10467397","article-title":"Ambient air benzene concentrations in Canada (1989\u20131993):\nSeasonal and day of week variations, trends, and source influences","volume":"45","author":"Dann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026090312462286500_cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.09.023","article-title":"Concentrations and\ntrends of benzene in ambient air over New York State during 1990\u20132003","volume":"39","author":"Aleksic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.09.025","article-title":"Ambient\nair 1,3-butadiene concentrations\nin Canada (1995\u20132003): Seasonal, day of week variations, trends,\nand source influences","volume":"40","author":"Curren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090312462286500_cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2014.991856","article-title":"Emissions\nreduction policies and\nrecent trends in Southern California\u2019s ambient air quality","volume":"65","author":"Lurmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit88","volume-title":"Our Nation\u2019s Air; Air Quality and Trends","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.1021\/es702536e","article-title":"Pollutant emissions from gasoline\ncombustion. 1. Dependence on fuel structural functionalities","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"2026090312462286500_cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2307\/3431925","article-title":"The relationship between\ngasoline composition and vehicle hydrocarbon emissions: a review of\ncurrent studies and future research needs","volume":"102","author":"Schuetzle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ.\nHealth Perspect."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1021\/es980374g","article-title":"Impact\nof California reformulated gasoline on motor vehicle emissions. 2.\nVolatile organic compound speciation and reactivity","volume":"33","author":"Kirchstetter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit92","volume-title":"On-Road Measurement\nof Light-Duty Gasoline and Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Emissions","author":"Harley","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit93","unstructured":"Rock, K.; Judzis, A.; Almering, M.\n          Cost effective solutions\nfor reducing benzene in gasoline, Presentation for the National\nPetrochemical and Refiners Association, 2008. www.cbi.com\/images\/uploads\/technical_articles\/CostEffectiveSolutionsforReductionofBenzeneinGasoline-KerryRockCDTech-AM-08-14.pdf (accessed May 18, 2015)."},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit94","volume-title":"Initial Statement of Reasons\nfor Rulemaking, Proposed Identification\nof Perchloroethylene as a Toxic Air Contaminant, Staff Report","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026090312462286500_cit95","volume-title":"Truck\nand Bus Regulation; On-Road Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (In-Use)\nRegulation","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b02766","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/49\/19\/11329\/67297594\/acs.est.5b02766.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/49\/19\/11329\/67297594\/acs.est.5b02766.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:46:41Z","timestamp":1788454001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/49\/19\/11329\/1480478\/Ambient-and-Emission-Trends-of-Toxic-Air"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b02766","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]]}}}