{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:09:50Z","timestamp":1792843790429,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3709201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42407145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42407145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Conventional ozone (O3) control typically targets nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), yet the role of nitrous acid (HONO) is often overlooked. Here, machine learning (ML)-derived HONO\u2013NOx reduction relationships in the real atmosphere are integrated into the process-based photochemical model (OBM\u2013MCM) to diagnose the sensitivity of the O3\u2013NOx\u2013VOCs during high-pollution episodes in Shenzhen, China. OBM simulations constrained by observed HONO show a 95% increase in daytime net O3 production rates [Pnet(O3)] compared to the conventional unconstrained case through enhanced OH radical formation that accelerated VOC oxidation and HO2\/RO2 + NO pathways. Relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of HONO exhibits a strong anticorrelation with NOx (R2 = 0.86), indicating that a greater NOx-driven increase in the level of O3 corresponds to a greater HONO-driven decrease in the level of O3. ML predicts that a 10% reduction in NOx synchronically results in reducing atmospheric HONO and TVOCs by \u223c7.6 and \u223c3%, respectively, leading to a shift in Pnet(O3) from a maximum of 28% increase to a 14% decrease through the reshaping empirical kinetic modeling approach (EKMA), thereby demonstrating that HONO can offset the O3 increase induced by NOx reduction. These findings challenge traditional EKMA frameworks that NOx control brings adverse effects under VOC-limited regimes, highlighting the feasibility of NOx control strategies when HONO responses are considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c04831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:26:02Z","timestamp":1760189162000},"page":"22050-22059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Unveiling\nthe HONO Offsetting Effect: Rethinking NO\n                    <i>x<\/i>\n                    Emission Controls during Urban Ozone Pollution\nEpisodes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518055"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2444-031X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meng-Xue","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518055"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518055"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518055"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518055"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Yan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518055"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0488-3333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518055"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.016","article-title":"Ground-level O3 pollution\nand its impacts on food crops in China: A review","volume":"199","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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Environ."},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.125674","article-title":"Integrating\nthe updated HONO formation mechanism to better understand urban O3 formation chemistry","volume":"368","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812153862900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05599","article-title":"High Gaseous Nitrous\nAcid (HONO) Emissions from Light-Duty Diesel\nVehicles","volume":"55","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081812153862900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-2747-2016","article-title":"Detailed budget\nanalysis of HONO in central London\nreveals a missing daytime source","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmospheric\nChemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812153862900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-1035-2022","article-title":"Atmospheric\nmeasurements at Mt. Tai\ue5f8Part II: HONO budget and\nradical (ROx + NO3) chemistry\nin the lower boundary layer","volume":"22","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry\nand Physics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081812153862900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06367","article-title":"A Comprehensive\nModel Test of the HONO Sources Constrained to Field Measurements at\nRural North China Plain","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120545","article-title":"Sensitivity of atmospheric peroxyacetyl\nnitrate (PAN) formation and its impact on ozone pollution in a coastal\ncity","volume":"330","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. 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Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105689","article-title":"Atmospheric\nnitrous acid (HONO) in an alternate process of haze pollution\nand ozone pollution in urban Beijing in summertime: Variations, sources\nand contribution to atmospheric photochemistry","volume":"260","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812153862900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2023.101935","article-title":"Springtime HONO budget\nand its impact on the O3 production in Zibo, Shandong,\nChina","volume":"15","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081812153862900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8951","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-8951-2022","article-title":"Budget\nof nitrous acid (HONO) at an urban site in the\nfall season of Guangzhou, China","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmospheric\nChemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026081812153862900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11557","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03421","article-title":"Critical Role of Simultaneous Reduction\nof\nAtmospheric Odd Oxygen for Winter Haze Mitigation","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117523","article-title":"Biomass-burning\nemissions could significantly enhance the atmospheric\noxidizing capacity in continental air pollution","volume":"285","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-181-2003","article-title":"Protocol for the\ndevelopment of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part B): tropospheric\ndegradation of aromatic volatile organic compounds","volume":"3","author":"Jenkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-161-2003","article-title":"Protocol for the\ndevelopment of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part A): tropospheric\ndegradation of non-aromatic volatile organic compounds","volume":"3","author":"Saunders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081812153862900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-4339-2022","article-title":"Seasonal characteristics\nof atmospheric peroxyacetyl\nnitrate (PAN) in a coastal city of Southeast China: Explanatory factors\nand photochemical effects","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry\nand Physics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081812153862900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7069","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-7069-2020","article-title":"Volatile\norganic compounds and ozone air pollution in an oil production region\nin northern China","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and\nPhysics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081812153862900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1995.10467356","article-title":"An observation-based model for analyzing\nozone precursor\nrelationships in the urban atmosphere","volume":"45","author":"Cardelino","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Air\nWaste Manage. Assoc."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081812153862900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5127","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-5127-2019","article-title":"Intercomparison of\nO3 formation and radical chemistry in the past decade at\na suburban site in Hong Kong","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry\nand Physics"},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120566","article-title":"Synthetically impacts\nof the topography and typhoon periphery on the atmospheric boundary\nlayer structure and special regional pollution pattern of O3 in North China Plain","volume":"330","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812153862900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01334-9","article-title":"Ozone\npollution mitigation strategy informed by long-term trends of atmospheric\noxidation capacity","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Geoscience"},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.07.015","article-title":"Quantitative impacts\nof dominant large-scale circulation systems on surface ozone pollution\nin China","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.01.038","article-title":"Quantitative impacts\nof meteorology and emissions on the long-term\ntrend of O3 in the YRD, China from 2015 to 2022","volume":"149","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164662","article-title":"Seasonal\nvariation\ncharacteristics of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and its\nsource apportionment in a megacity in southern China","volume":"892","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.004","article-title":"Atmospheric fate of peroxyacetyl nitrate in suburban Hong Kong and\nits impact on local ozone pollution","volume":"252","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"key":"2026081812153862900_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.063","article-title":"An observational\nstudy of nitrous acid (HONO) in Shanghai, China: The aerosol impact\non HONO formation during the haze episodes","volume":"630","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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