{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T21:13:11Z","timestamp":1768425191786,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"44","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006133","name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AR0001534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AR0001534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c05760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:09:41Z","timestamp":1761736181000},"page":"23762-23772","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Real-World Assessment Shows Outsized Benefits of Shrouds on Reducing Emissions from Low-Flow Utility Oil and Gas Flares in North American Oil and Gas Basin"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0713-2882","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jenna","family":"Stolzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering","place":["Ann Arbor, United States"]},{"name":"University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5141-7637","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allison","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering","place":["Ann Arbor, United States"]},{"name":"University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fluids Engineering Department","place":["San Antonio, United States"]},{"name":"Southwest Research Institute","place":["San Antonio, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1754-180X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margaret","family":"Wooldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering","place":["Ann Arbor, United States"]},{"name":"University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering","place":["Ann Arbor, United States"]},{"name":"University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","unstructured":"US\nEnvironmental Protection Agency.\n                      \u201cChapter\n13.5: industrial Flares\u201d in AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant\nEmissions Factors from Stationary Sources\n                      ; US EPA, 2018; pp. 1\u201313."},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","volume-title":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","author":"Schopp U.","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","unstructured":"63.670 Requirements for\nflare control devices\n                      https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/CFR-2016-title40-vol12\/pdf\/CFR-2016-title40-vol12-sec63-670.pdf. Accessed 3 July 2025"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05183"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq0385"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","author":"Myhre G.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Climate Change"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2022.104601"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GH000938"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2024.105637"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","volume-title":"Degree of conversion of flare gas in refinery high flares","author":"Siegel K.","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","volume-title":"Flare Efficiency Study","author":"McDaniel M.","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","volume-title":"Evaluation Of The Efficiency Of Industrial Flares: test Results","author":"Pohl J. H.","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","volume-title":"Evaluation of the Efficiency of Industrial Flares: Flare Head Design and Gas Composition","author":"Pohl J. H.","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","volume-title":"The University Of Texas At Austin And The Center For Energy And Environmental Resources","author":"Allen D. T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","volume-title":"Performance Test Of a Steam-Assisted Elevated Flare With Passive FTIR (Project No. 10810)","author":"Cade R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","volume-title":"Performance Test Of a Steam-Assisted Elevated Flare With Passive FTIR Detroit\u201d (Project No. 10971)","author":"Cade R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","volume-title":"Parameters For Properly Designed And Operated Flares","author":"Cade R.","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","volume-title":"Chapter 1: Flares","author":"Sorrels J. L.","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","unstructured":"Department of Energy\n                      Flaring and\nVenting Reduction\nResearch & Development Activities\n                      . https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-08\/FlaringandVentingReporttoCongressReport.pdf,downloaded\/(Department of Energy, 2021."},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA\n                      Inventory\nof U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990\u20132022\n                      ; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, 2024. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2024-04\/us-ghg-inventory-2024-main-text_04-18-2024.pdf. Accessed 4 February 2025"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es500511w"},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163078"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en9010014"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7204"},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EA00046B"},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","unstructured":"United States Geological\nSurvey, \u201c\n                      VIIRS Overview\u201d\n(The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center\n                      , 2024); https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/data\/get-started-data\/collection-overview\/missions\/s-npp-nasa-viirs-overview\/#:text=The%2520VIIRS%2520instrument%2520provides%252022,consistency%2520with%2520the%2520MODIS%2520heritage.,downloaded\/."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040395"},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/acb6a7"},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","volume-title":"Flare Stack Diameter Scaling and Wind Tunnel Ceiling and Floor Effects on Model Flares","author":"Howell L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(00)00151-6"},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1540-7489(02)80236-X"},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(00)80255-6"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","volume-title":"American Flame Research Committee 2022 Industrial Combustion Symposium","author":"Gogolek P.","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.4c04067"},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","unstructured":"North Dakota Agricultural Weather Network,\n                      Hourly\nWeather Data\n                      . 2025; https:\/\/ndawn.ndsu.nodak.edu\/weather-data-hourly.html,downloaded\/."},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","unstructured":"North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources,\n                      Monthly\nProduction Report Index\n                      (2024); https:\/\/www.dmr.nd.gov\/oilgas\/mprindex.asp,downloaded\/."},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","unstructured":"US EPA,\n                      GHG Query Builder: Subpart\nW \u2013 Petroleum\nand Natural Gas Systems (RY 2015\u20132023)\n                      (2023); https:\/\/enviro.epa.gov\/query-builder\/ghg\/SUBPARTW-PETROLEUMANDNATURALGASSYSTEMS(RY2015-2023)\/,downloaded\/."},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","unstructured":"NOAA, Payne Institute for Public Policy,\n                      Global\nFlaring and Methane Reduction Partnership, 2012 \u2013 2023 Flare\nVolume Estimates by Individual Flare Location\n                      (2023); https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/gasflaringreduction\/global-flaring-data,downloaded\/."},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","unstructured":"World Bank Group\n                      Methodology for\ndetermining the\ngas flare volumes from satellite data\n                      , https:\/\/pubdocs.worldbank.org\/en\/853661587048977000\/Estimation-of-flare-gas-volumes-from-satellite-data-002.pdf. Accessed 15 January 2025."},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","first-page":"263","volume":"70","author":"Ku H. H.","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Res. NBS, Sect. C: Eng. Instrum."},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0894-1777(88)90043-X"},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","unstructured":"Eole, S.\n                      Wind Profile Calculator\n                      ; https:\/\/wind-data.ch\/tools\/profile.php?lng=en,downloaded\/."},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","unstructured":"ESRI\n                      How IDW Works\n                      ; https:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro-app\/latest\/tool-reference\/spatial-analyst\/how-idw-works.htm.,downloaded\/."},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2309088"},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","unstructured":"Energy Efficiency Engineering Ltd.\n                      Guidelines for\nthe Installation and Operation of Flare Pilots\n                      . (2021); https:\/\/enefen.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/FAQ-Technical-Guidelines-for-Flare-Pilots-R211122.pdf?downloaded\/."},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","volume-title":"Canada Oil and Gas Installations Regulations","author":"Minister Of Justice","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","unstructured":"British Columbia Energy\nRegulator,\n                      Flaring and Venting\nReduction Guideline\n                      ; BC Energy Regulator, 2025.https:\/\/www.bc-er.ca\/files\/operations-documentation\/Oil-and-Gas-Operations-Manual\/Supporting-Documents\/flaring-and-venting-reduction-guideline.pdf?downloaded\/."},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","unstructured":"Alberta Energy Regulator\n                      Directive\n060: Upstream\nPetroleum Industry Flaring, Incinerating, and Venting\n                      Alberta Energy Regulator, 2022); https:\/\/static.aer.ca\/prd\/documents\/directives\/Directive060.pdf accessed 15 March 2025."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c05760","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c05760","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:49:08Z","timestamp":1764784148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c05760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"44","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acs.est.5c05760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c05760","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}