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Here, we constructed a spatially explicit carbon dioxide (CO2) flux data set covering 2003\u20132022 for China\u2019s largest floodplain lake (R2 = 0.86, RMSE = 0.49 gC m\u20132 d\u20131). The annual fluxes varied from 52.57 \u00b1 4.71 gC m\u20132 in 2010 to \u2212186.36 \u00b1 7.27 gC m\u20132 in 2011. Temporal variations in CO2 flux were primarily driven by changes in the hydrological regime and wetland vegetation conditions. Specifically, water rise onset and recession onset emerged as the two most influential factors. A 10-day delay in lake water rise enhanced CO2 uptake by 19.20 gC m\u20132, whereas a 10-day advance in lake water recession increased uptake by 11.63 gC m\u20132. However, the enhancement of the CO2 sink can be impaired in the case of excessively early or rapid lake water level decline. For example, the extreme drought in 2022 reduced CO2 uptake by over 20% compared to moderate drought years due to plant water stress and increased ecosystem respiration. The findings offer insights into fully evaluating the ecological consequences of lake and water resource management from the perspective of carbon neutrality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c06316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T03:05:34Z","timestamp":1755140734000},"page":"17606-17616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Moderate\nHydrological\nDroughts Maximized CO2 Sink in China\u2019s Largest Floodplain\nLake"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5332-1484","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lejun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Jiujiang, China, 332899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingwang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Normal University , , ,","place":["Shijiazhuang, China, 050024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guojing","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Jiujiang, China, 332899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guishan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6013","key":"2026093015085412600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196808","article-title":"Freshwater\nMethane Emissions Offset the Continental Carbon Sink","volume":"331","author":"Bastviken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7476","key":"2026093015085412600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12760","article-title":"Global carbon\ndioxide\nemissions from inland waters","volume":"503","author":"Raymond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026093015085412600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2024.102165","article-title":"Spatiotemporal\nvariations of water\nlevels and river-lake interaction in the Poyang Lake basin under the\nextreme drought","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026093015085412600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-006-9013-8","article-title":"Plumbing the Global\nCarbon Cycle: Integrating Inland Waters into the Terrestrial Carbon\nBudget","volume":"10","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"issue":"D15","key":"2026093015085412600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D15102","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012838","article-title":"Variations\nof net ecosystem CO2 exchange\nin a tidal inundated wetland: Coupling MODIS and tower-based fluxes","volume":"115","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. 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