{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:48:59Z","timestamp":1786999739383,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008638","name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c08320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:44:22Z","timestamp":1766191462000},"page":"76-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Policy Portfolio Options for Encouraging Deployment of Negative Emissions Technologies in the Electricity System"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Erick O.","family":"Arwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Carleton University","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Carleton University","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2179-0200","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristen R.","family":"Schell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Carleton University","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","unstructured":"Government\nof Canada Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act. 2021; https:\/\/laws.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/C-19.3\/FullText.html, Accessed\nApril 21, 2025."},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","unstructured":"United Nations Environmental\nProgram\n                      Broken Record: Emissions Gap\nReport 2023\n                      ; 2023."},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10842-5"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egycc.2021.100057"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.121485"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","unstructured":"Negative Emissions\nTechnologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research\nAgenda\n                      ; U.S. National Academies of Sciences,\nEngineering, and Medicine: 2019."},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01615"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0091-3"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adapen.2024.100166"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23554-6"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c03817"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32468-w"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2018.12.019"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113246"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2024.4704"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","first-page":"157","volume":"6","author":"Zeman F. S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Resource Review"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.05.006"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","unstructured":"Direct Air Capture:\nA key technology for net zero\n                      ; International\nEnergy Agency: 2022."},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","unstructured":"The Provincial\nGovernment of Alberta Phasing out emissions from coal. https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/climate-coal-electricity, Accessed September 26,2025."},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.06.024"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.05.039"},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01861"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","unstructured":"Examining Supply-Side Options to Achieve 100% Clean Electricity by\n2035\n                      ; National Renewable Energy Laboratory: 2022."},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","unstructured":"Alberta\nElectric System Operator Hourly load by area and region.2022; https:\/\/www.aeso.ca\/market\/market-and-system-reporting\/data-requests\/hourly-load-by-area-and-region\/, Accessed May 20, 2023."},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","unstructured":"The Alberta\nElectric System Operator AESO Net-Zero Emissions Pathways Report.2022; https:\/\/www.aeso.ca\/future-of-electricity\/net-zero-emissions-pathways, Accessed August 4, 2023."},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","unstructured":"North\nAmerican Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) M-1 Reserve Margin, 2024; https:\/\/www.nerc.com\/pa\/RAPA\/ri\/Pages\/PlanningReserveMargin.aspx, Accessed September 16, 2024."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","unstructured":"AESO 2022 Annual\nMarket Statistics\n                      ; Alberta\nElectric System Operator (AESO): 2023."},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","unstructured":"National\nRenewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 2023 Electricity ATB Technologies, 2023; https:\/\/atb.nrel.gov\/electricity\/2023\/technologies, Accessed March 10, 2024."},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","unstructured":"Strata\nPolicy The Footprint of Energy: Land Use of U.S. Electricity Production.2017; https:\/\/docs.wind-watch.org\/US-footprints-Strata-2017.pdf, Accessed December 1, 2023."},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","unstructured":"National\nEnergy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Direct Air Capture Case Studies:\nSolvent System.2022; https:\/\/atb.nrel.gov\/electricity\/2023\/technologies, Accessed March 10, 2024."},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","unstructured":"Utilities\nConsumer Advocates Historic Rates. https:\/\/ucahelps.alberta.ca\/historic-rates.aspx, Accessed December 1, 2023."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","unstructured":"National\nEnergy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Stochastic Energy Deployment System. https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/analysis\/seds\/biomass-supply-module.html, Accessed March 10, 2024."},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","unstructured":"Average heat content\nof selected biomass fuels\n                      ; U.S. Energy Information\nAdministration (EIA): 2010."},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","unstructured":"U.S.\nEnergy Information Administration (EIA) Average cost of coal delivered\nfor energy generation, 2022; https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/electricity\/data\/browser\/, Accessed December 1, 2023."},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","unstructured":"Pfenninger, S.; Staffell, I.\n                      Renewables.ninja\n                      . 2022; https:\/\/www.renewables.ninja\/, Accessed May 20, 2023."},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.107697"},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2021.112424"},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","unstructured":"Canada\nEnergy Regulator Market Snapshot: CCS in Alberta and Saskatchewan\n\u2013 long-term storage capacity and the potential to lower industrial\nsector emissions intensity, 2020; https:\/\/www.cer-rec.gc.ca\/en\/data-analysis\/energy-markets\/market-snapshots\/2020\/market-snapshot-ccs-alberta-saskatchewan-long-term-storage-capacity.html, Accessed September 23, 2025."},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","unstructured":"Government\nof Canada Clean economy investment tax credits (ITCs), 2024; https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/revenue-agency\/services\/tax\/businesses\/topics\/corporations\/business-tax-credits\/clean-economy-itc.html, Accessed January 28, 2025."},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","unstructured":"The Government\nof Canada A Recovery Plan for Jobs, Growth, and Resilience, 2021; https:\/\/www.budget.canada.ca\/2021\/home-accueil-en.html, Accessed December 1, 2023."},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01773-1"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c08320","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c08320","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:40:31Z","timestamp":1768567231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c08320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acs.est.5c08320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c08320","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]}}}