{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T10:08:17Z","timestamp":1771322897834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["72174026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72174026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["72373141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72373141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c12491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T16:47:33Z","timestamp":1770310053000},"page":"4487-4498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Globalized Automotive Industries Have Failed to Improve the Overall Carbon Productivity but Exhibit a Polarized Distribution"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Ailin","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7382-6776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8106-0694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhifu","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction","place":["London, U.K."]},{"name":"University College London","place":["London, U.K."]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kailan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiling","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Appolloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co, Ltd","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingdan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01813-2"},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","unstructured":"UNEP. Emissions Gap Report 2024: No More\nHot Air\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7Please!; 2024. https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/emissions-gap-report-2024."},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","unstructured":"Beinhocker, E.; Oppenheim, J.; Irons, B.; Lahti, M.; Farrell, D.; Nyquist, S.; Remes, J.; Naucler, T.; Enkvist, P.A. The Carbon Productivity Challenge: Curbing Climate Change and Sustaining Economic Growth; June; 2008; pp 1\u201348. https:\/\/www.mendeley.com\/catalogue\/3075fd67-03a3-34e8-8f6a-dc097d17a12f\/ (accessed 2024-11-04)."},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","unstructured":"International Energy\nAgency. What Next for the Global Car Industry?\nAn Energy Technology Perspectives Special Report; 2025. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/what-next-for-the-global-car-industry\/the-global-car-industry-in-context."},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2018.04.017"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbq023"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbn007"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2013.04.009"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2015.04.003"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112214"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-022-01055-8"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2022.102467"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es803496a"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es503959t"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","series-title":"Series","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1457-0","volume-title":"World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains","author":"WorldBank","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2013.02.005"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c00181"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2023.106308"},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.01.006"},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2018.05.013"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w23261"},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w23222"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2022.106075"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125069"},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ribaf.2019.101101"},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44284-024-00088-8"},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.113339"},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09617-4"},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.943801"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2007.12.008"},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","unstructured":"WTO\n                      Global Value Chain Development\nReport 2023:\nResilient and Sustainable GVCs in Turbulent Times\n                      ; WTO: 2023."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.3.379"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-0133.2004.00186.x"},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11123-023-00663-6"},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2019.104651"},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.106696"},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.01.019"},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.143471"},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2022.107017"},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22245-6"},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.03.038"},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE02410G"},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.201"},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2005.01.001"},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2003.10.010"},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2015.07.007"},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","volume-title":"Impact of Carbon Dioxide Emission Control on GNP Growth: Interpretation of Proposed Scenarios","author":"Kaya Y.","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.140421"},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.06.103"},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/14-STS430"},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00811-6"},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09535314.2017.1301887"},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","unstructured":"World Bank. World bank open data. World Bank Open\nData. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org (accessed 2025-10-12)."},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","unstructured":"IEA. Net\nZero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector; 2021. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/net-zero-by-2050 (accessed 2025-07-13)."},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2018.12.002"},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01436597.2020.1761252"},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12213-6"},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2019.10.007"},{"key":"ref59\/cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00213624.2017.1320916"},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.117034"},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","unstructured":"Wesoff, E. Tesla\u2019s elon musk declares \u2018all our patent are belong to you.\u2019 https:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/articles\/read\/Teslas-Elon-Musk-Declares-All-Our-Patent-Are-Belong-to-You (accessed 2025-01-14)."},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37373-4"},{"key":"ref63\/cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36957-4"},{"key":"ref64\/cit64","unstructured":"Societe Generale. NZBA Progress Report 2024; 2024. https:\/\/www.societegenerale.com\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/CSR\/nzba-progress-report-2024.pdf."},{"key":"ref65\/cit65","unstructured":"McKinsey Sustainability. The zero-carbon\ncar: Abating material emissions\n| McKinsey. https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/capabilities\/sustainability\/our-insights\/the-zero-carbon-car-abating-material-emissions-is-next-on-the-agenda (accessed 2025-07-15)."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c12491","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c12491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:12:14Z","timestamp":1771319534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c12491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acs.est.5c12491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c12491","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]}}}