{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T17:27:02Z","timestamp":1787074022987,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["41877397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42177038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sediment reducing capacity (RC) regulates benthic habitat function and the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nutrients, and pollutants. However, the compositional complexity and dynamic responses of RC to redox alternation remain inadequately characterized. Through laboratory stimulation experiments of redox alternation with 20 freshwater sediments from four water bodies with distinct trophic status in China (Honghu Lake: HL, n = 3; Xiashan Reservoir: XR, n = 6; Yudong Reservoir: YR, n = 7; and Zhanghe Reservoir: ZR, n = 4), we monitored the dynamics of RC and its fractions (RCpH7.0, RCpH2.0), and quantified the responses of major reducing components (reducing organic substances (RedOr), Fe(II), and sulfides (Sn, \u22122 \u2264 n &amp;lt; 0)). Redox alternation triggered asynchronous RC responses, with depletion during oxic phases and recovery under anoxia. RC fluctuation amplitude exhibited sediment-type dependence, with RedOr-Sn sediments (HL\/XR) showing greater variability than RedOr-Fe(II) systems (YR\/ZR). Component-specific contributions differed significantly between sediment types (p &amp;lt; 0.05). RedOr contributed most to RC variation in RedOr-Sn sediments (45.9\u201371.2% vs 35.7\u201352.2% in RedOr-Fe(II)), whereas Fe(II) contributed 45.8\u201361.5% in RedOr-Fe(II) sediments (18.9\u201326.6% in RedOr-Sn), and Sn accounted for 8.73\u201327.5% in RedOr-Sn sediments (1.62\u20132.62% in RedOr-Fe(II)). These differences reflected anoxia-driven differences in component reactivity and abundance. RedOr-Sn sediments exhibited concurrent enrichment of RedOr, Fe(II), and Sn, whereas RedOr-Fe(II) sediments showed mainly enhanced Fe(II) reactivity with limited RedOr\/Sn changes. Mechanistically, the observed RC patterns were consistent with distinct Fe cycling pathways. In RedOr-Sn sediments, limited labile Fe(III) was associated with greater apparent involvement of magnetite, whereas easily reducible\/reducible Fe(III) fractions were more prominent in RedOr-Fe(II) systems. Our findings demonstrate the high lability of eutrophic sediment RC and establish redox alternation as an efficient diagnostic tool for identifying reductive sediment types and pinpointing regulatory targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c14069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T07:02:07Z","timestamp":1786345327000},"page":"22454-22465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Redox Alternation\nDrives Dynamics of Sediment Reducing\nCapacity: Dominance of Reducing Organic Substances and Ferrous-Iron\/Sulfur\nSynergistic Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610059"]},{"name":"Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430072"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weifang Xiashan Reservoir Management Service Center , ,","place":["Weifang, China, 261325"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weifang Xiashan Reservoir Management Service Center , ,","place":["Weifang, China, 261325"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430072"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9927-2978","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sen","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430072"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1365-2011","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingman","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430072"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810421190800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.07.027","article-title":"Influence of sediment redox conditions\non release\/solubility of metals and nutrients in a Louisiana Mississippi\nRiver deltaic plain freshwater lake","volume":"371","author":"Miao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810421190800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10786","article-title":"Large but\nvariable methane production\nin anoxic freshwater sediment upon addition of allochthonous and autochthonous\norganic matter","volume":"63","author":"Grasset","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081810421190800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07510-y","article-title":"Effects of sediment\noxidation on phosphorus transformation\nin three large shallow eutrophic lakes in China","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810421190800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6744","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c08927","article-title":"Loss and\nincrease of the electron exchange capacity\nof natural organic matter during its reduction and reoxidation: the\nrole of quinone and nonquinone moieties","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810421190800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-023-00470-5","article-title":"Coupled iron cycling and organic matter transformation\nacross redox interfaces","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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Geosci."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026081810421190800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(93)90340-3","article-title":"The anaerobic degradation\nof organic\nmatter in Danish coastal sediments: Iron reduction, manganese reduction,\nand sulfate reduction","volume":"57","author":"Canfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2019.03.008","article-title":"Carbon, iron and sulphur cycling in the sediments of\na Mediterranean lagoon (Ghar El Melh, Tunisia)","volume":"221","author":"Oueslati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151260","article-title":"Increasing sulfate concentration and sedimentary decaying\ncyanobacteria\nco-affect organic carbon mineralization in eutrophic lake sediments","volume":"806","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5236","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b00594","article-title":"Electron-donating phenolic\nand electron-accepting quinone moieties in peat dissolved organic\nmatter: quantities and redox transformations in the context of peat\nbiogeochemistry","volume":"52","author":"Walpen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810421190800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-021-00162-y","article-title":"Dynamic interactions\nat the mineral\u2013organic\nmatter interface","volume":"2","author":"Kleber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114351","article-title":"Interplay\nbetween iron species transformation and hydroxyl radicals production\nin soils and sediments during anoxic-oxic cycles","volume":"370","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"6187","key":"2026081810421190800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255442","article-title":"How sulfur beats iron","volume":"344","author":"Friedrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141869","article-title":"Conditions that promote the formation of black bloom in aquatic microcosms\nand its effects on sediment bacteria related to iron and sulfur cycling","volume":"751","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117565","article-title":"Available acid consumption\ncapacity of sediments in six water bodies in the Yangtze River Basin\nin China","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810421190800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.6.1126","article-title":"Diffusion methods\nfor the determination of reduced\ninorganic sulfur species in sediments","volume":"34","author":"Hsieh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol.\nOceanogr."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit23","volume-title":"Methods of Phosphorus\nAnalysis for Soils, Sediments, Residuals, and Waters","author":"Kovar","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810421190800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070695","article-title":"Contrasting eutrophication\nrisks and countermeasures in different water bodies: assessments to\nsupport targeted watershed management","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ.\nRes. Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810421190800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02757915","article-title":"Dichromate method for the determination\nof chemical oxygen demand","volume":"55","author":"Dedkov","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.115890","article-title":"Detection methods of\nammonia nitrogen in water: A review","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC Trends\nAnal. Chem."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00072","article-title":"Sulfate-reducing\nmicroorganisms in wetlands\u2013fameless actors in carbon cycling\nand climate change","volume":"3","author":"Pester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810421190800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(00)00532-9","article-title":"Decomposition of plant materials\nin marine sediment\nexposed to different electron acceptors (O2, NO3\u2013, and SO42\u2013), with\nemphasis on substrate origin, degradation kinetics, and the role of\nbioturbation","volume":"65","author":"Kristensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810421190800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01219.x","article-title":"Plant species traits\nare the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes\nworldwide","volume":"11","author":"Cornwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081810421190800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14319","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04684","article-title":"Effects\nof sorption on redox properties\nof natural organic matter","volume":"53","author":"Subdiaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810421190800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10060","article-title":"Interactions between sunlight and microorganisms influence\ndissolved organic matter degradation along the aquatic continuum","volume":"3","author":"Cory","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810421190800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1021\/es2033718","article-title":"Contribution of coexisting\nsulfate and iron reducing\nbacteria to methylmercury production in freshwater river sediments","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810421190800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.9b00012","article-title":"Quantitative\ndissolution of environmentally-accessible iron residing in iron-rich\nminerals: a review","volume":"3","author":"Voelz","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2020.103793","article-title":"Iron redox cycling,\nsediment resuspension and the role\nof sediments in low oxygen environments as sources of iron to the\nwater column","volume":"223","author":"Burdige","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2013.08.013","article-title":"Iron monosulfide\naccumulation and\npyrite formation in eutrophic estuarine sediments","volume":"122","author":"Kraal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810421190800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2084","article-title":"Humic substances as\nfully regenerable electron acceptors in recurrently anoxic environments","volume":"7","author":"Klu\u0308pfel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810421190800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5268","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06354","article-title":"A generalized-rate model for describing\nand scaling redox kinetics in sediments containing variable redox-reactive\nmaterials","volume":"52","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810421190800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2024.105944","article-title":"A new enrichment strategy of dissimilatory iron-reducing\nbacteria for remediation of organic-contaminated river sediments:\nProcess, performance, and mechanism","volume":"196","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Biodeter.\nBiodegrad."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c14069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/32\/22454\/66468276\/acs.est.5c14069.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/32\/22454\/66468276\/acs.est.5c14069.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:47:11Z","timestamp":1787071631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/32\/22454\/5250904\/Redox-Alternation-Drives-Dynamics-of-Sediment"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c14069","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}