{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:00:45Z","timestamp":1793746845068,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003337","name":"Eidgen?ssisches Departement f?r Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A231.0327Wald"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A231.0327Wald"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010681","name":"H2020 Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101000828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F?rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IZ08Zo_177346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZ08Zo_177346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Research Council (DFG)","award":["467391808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["467391808"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wood ash additives increase biochar yield in pyrolysis via catalysis by alkali and alkaline earth metals. However, it remains unclear how ash and biomass properties govern the magnitude of this catalytic effect. Here, we pyrolyzed pelleted and ash-amended woody and gramineous biomasses at 500\u2013550 \u00b0C. At pilot scale, 5% (w\/w) amendment of different ashes increased dry and ash-free biochar yield (ydaf) by 13\u201337% and carbon yield (yC) by 2\u201333% for woody feedstocks and decreased yields by 5\u20136% for grass or straw. Accordingly, mixing grass with softwood at increasing ratios reduced the effects of added ash. The yield increase depended on biomass type rather than on the intrinsic ash content of the biomass, as positive effects were observed even for woody feedstocks with a relatively high ash content, unlike gramineous biomass. Yield increases observed for different added ashes did not correlate with ash properties, pending further investigation. Toxic hexavalent chromium from ash additives was not detected in biochar, suggesting its reduction to nontoxic Cr(III) during biochar production. At industrial scale, ydaf increased by 11% and yC by 6% through adding 4% ash to landscaping wood, demonstrating the scalability of wood ash use. Adding ash to woody feedstock increased biochar production, pyrolysis economy, and carbon sink potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c14739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:02:11Z","timestamp":1785891731000},"page":"22314-22322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Increasing Biochar\nYield in Pyrolysis by Adding Ash"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-9537","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jannis","family":"Grafmu\u0308ller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ithaka Institute , ,","place":["Goldbach, Germany, 63773"]},{"name":"Offenburg University , , ,","place":["Offenburg, Germany, 77652"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holz & Forst Consulting GmbH , ,","place":["Binningen, Switzerland, 4102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Vo\u0308gelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrielle Werke Basel (IWB) ; Margarethenstrasse 40 , ,","place":["Basel, Switzerland, 4002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9971-3104","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Bucheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8046"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8275-7506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ithaka Institute , ,","place":["Arbaz, Switzerland, 1974"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8005-9392","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikolas","family":"Hagemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ithaka Institute , ,","place":["Goldbach, Germany, 63773"]},{"name":"Agroscope , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8046"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810402215400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12553","article-title":"Pyrogenic Carbon Capture and Storage","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810402215400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02033-6","article-title":"Multiple Planetary\nBoundaries Preclude Biomass Crops for Carbon Capture\nand Storage Outside of Agricultural Areas","volume":"6","author":"Braun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun.\nEarth Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810402215400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002583","article-title":"Potential\nof Land-Neutral\nNegative Emissions Through Biochar Sequestration","volume":"10","author":"Werner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2015.10.002","article-title":"Reaction Mechanisms\nand Multi-Scale Modelling of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis","volume":"53","author":"Anca-Couce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810402215400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5407","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c04046","article-title":"Inherent Metal\nElements in Biomass Pyrolysis: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Giudicianni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy\nFuels"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810402215400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1021\/ie801468y","article-title":"Influences of the Chemical\nState of Alkaline Compounds and the Nature of Alkali Metal on Wood\nPyrolysis","volume":"48","author":"Di Blasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810402215400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41953-0","article-title":"Potassium Doping Increases\nBiochar Carbon Sequestration Potential by 45%, Facilitating Decoupling\nof Carbon Sequestration from Soil Improvement","volume":"9","author":"Mas\u030cek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.189","article-title":"Unexplored\nPotential of Novel Biochar-Ash\nComposites for Use as Organo-Mineral Fertilizers","volume":"208","author":"Buss","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810402215400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c07694","article-title":"Wood Ash as\nan Additive in Biomass Pyrolysis: Effects on Biochar Yield, Properties,\nand Agricultural Performance","volume":"10","author":"Grafmu\u0308ller","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable\nChem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810402215400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00394-w","article-title":"Mineral-Enriched Biochar Delivers\nEnhanced Nutrient\nRecovery and Carbon Dioxide Removal","volume":"3","author":"Buss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun.\nEarth Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810402215400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b05871","article-title":"Synergies\nbetween BECCS and Biochar\u2500Maximizing Carbon Sequestration Potential\nby Recycling Wood Ash","volume":"7","author":"Buss","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem.\nEng."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127557","article-title":"Combustion Ash Addition Promotes\nthe Production of\nK-Enriched Biochar and K Release Characteristics","volume":"311","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810402215400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105482","article-title":"Wood Ashes from Grate-Fired\nHeat\nand Power Plants: Evaluation of Nutrient and Heavy Metal Contents","volume":"13","author":"Bachmaier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810402215400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(99)00013-6","article-title":"Treatment\nof Wood Ash Containing Soluble Chromate","volume":"16","author":"Pohlandt-Schwandt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomass\nBioenergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810402215400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449709078442","article-title":"Toxicity and\nCarcinogenicity of Cr(VI) in Animal Models and Humans","volume":"27","author":"Costa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144034","article-title":"Stabilization\nof PFAS-Contaminated Soil with Activated Biochar","volume":"763","author":"S\u00f8rmo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138417","article-title":"Wood-Based\nActivated Biochar to Eliminate Organic Micropollutants from Biologically\nTreated Wastewater","volume":"730","author":"Hagemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit18","unstructured":"PYREG PX Pyrolyse-Anlagen: premium Karbonisierungstechnologie\nfu\u0308r\nein tragfa\u0308higes Business. https:\/\/pyreg.com\/de\/unsere-technologie\/ (accessed October 15, 2024)."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.01.020","article-title":"On the Heterogeneity of Biochar and Consequences for\nIts Representative Sampling","volume":"107","author":"Bucheli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl.\nPyrolysis"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit20","unstructured":"DIN EN.\n          \n          ISO 17294\u20132:2024\u201303,\nWasserbeschaffenheit - Anwendung Der Induktiv Gekoppelten Plasma-Massenspektrometrie\n(ICP-MS) - Teil 2: Bestimmung von Ausgewa\u0308hlten Elementen Einschlie\u00dflich\nUran-Isotope (ISO 17294\u20132:2023); Deutsche Fassung EN ISO 17294\u20132:2023, 2024. 10.31030\/3503779."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167251","article-title":"Chemical Recycling of Plastic Wastes with Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides:\nA Review","volume":"905","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081810402215400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.70005","article-title":"Biochar Production\nFrom Plastic-Contaminated Biomass","volume":"16","author":"Hilber","year":"2024","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810402215400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(83)90201-6","article-title":"Gasification of Wood\nChar and Effects of Intraparticle Transport","volume":"62","author":"Hawley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.05.057","article-title":"A Review of Catalysts\nfor the Gasification\nof Biomass Char, with Some Reference to Coal","volume":"58","author":"Nzihou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810402215400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2010.08.015","article-title":"Gasification of Woody Biomass Char with CO2: The Catalytic\nEffects of K and Ca Species on Char Gasification Reactivity","volume":"92","author":"Mitsuoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagemann, N.; Pollex, A.; Zeng, T.; Schmidt, H.-P.\n          Holzvergaserkoks: Abfall oder\nRohstoff?\n          Mu\u0308ll Abfall\n          2024, No. 3, 10.37307\/j.1863-9763.2024.03.08.","DOI":"10.37307\/j.1863-9763.2024.03.08"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081810402215400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11235","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b02865","article-title":"Modification of Biochar Formation\nduring Slow Pyrolysis in the Presence of Alkali Metal Carbonate Additives","volume":"33","author":"Jalalabadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.06.131","article-title":"Influence\nof Bark Content on Ash Melting Temperature","volume":"192","author":"Radac\u030covska\u0301","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.123051","article-title":"Ash Melting\nBehaviour of Reed and Woody Fuels Blends","volume":"314","author":"Link","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2014.10.002","article-title":"Aromaticity and\nDegree of Aromatic\nCondensation of Char","volume":"78","author":"Wiedemeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810402215400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330206","article-title":"Proxies for Use in Biochar Decay\nModels: Hydropyrolysis,\nElectric Conductivity, and H\/Corg Molar Ratio","volume":"20","author":"Hagemann","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141750","article-title":"Using the Benzenepolycarboxylic Acid\n(BPCA) Method to Assess Activated Biochars and Their PFAS Sorption\nAbilities","volume":"355","author":"Goranov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit33","unstructured":"EBC.\n          . European Biochar\nCertificate - Guidelines for aSustainable Production of Biochar. Carbon\nStandards International (CSI) AG, Frick, Switzerland, 2024. http:\/\/European-Biochar.Org."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit34","unstructured":"German Federal Office of Justice.\n          . Neununddrei\u00dfigste Verordnung\nzur Durchfu\u0308hrung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes\n(Verordnung u\u0308ber Luftqualita\u0308tsstandards und Emissionsho\u0308chstmengen\n- 39. BImSchV). https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/bimschv_39\/index.html#BJNR106510010BJNE000100000 (accessed August 03, 2025)."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2023.106085","article-title":"Unveiling the Role\nof Sodium Ion in the Conversion of Amino Acid Intermediates and the\nFormation Mechanism of NOx Precursors during Kitchen Waste Pyrolysis","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116217","article-title":"Effects of Calcium\nOxide on Nitrogen Oxide Precursor Formation during\nSludge Protein Pyrolysis","volume":"189","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit37","unstructured":"BGH.\n          . Bundesgu\u0308tegemeinschaft\nHolzasche: Verwertung von Holzaschen. https:\/\/www.kompost.de\/fileadmin\/docs\/Archiv\/Thema_Position\/5.3.2_Thema_Verwertung_von_Holzaschen_2013-final.pdf (accessed February 08, 2021)."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit38","unstructured":"European Union.\n          . Regulation\n(EU) 2019\/1009 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 5\nJune 2019, 2019. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A02019R1009-20241120 (accessed March 06, 2025)."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit39","unstructured":"Walter, B.; Mostbauer, P.; Karigl, B.\n          Biomasse-Aschestro\u0308me\nin O\u0308sterreich. https:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.at\/fileadmin\/site\/publikationen\/REP0561.pdf (accessed October 30, 2022)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810402215400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(00)00030-0","article-title":"Leaching of Chromated\nCopper Arsenate Wood Preservatives: A Review","volume":"111","author":"Hingston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit41","unstructured":"Schilling, S.\n          \n          Steuerungsmo\u0308glichkeiten\nder Qualita\u0308t und Eignung von Holzaschen fu\u0308r deren Einsatz\nbei der Waldkalkung, Master Thesis; Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 2020."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit42","unstructured":"CDR.FYI.\n          . CDR.FYI, 2024. https:\/\/www.cdr.fyi (accessed March\n15, 2024)."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081810402215400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14795","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02425","article-title":"Greenhouse Gas Inventory\nModel for\nBiochar Additions to Soil","volume":"55","author":"Woolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810402215400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.13082","article-title":"Biochar from Animal Manure: A Critical\nAssessment on Technical Feasibility, Economic Viability, and Ecological\nImpact","volume":"15","author":"Rathnayake","year":"2023","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026081810402215400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6755","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c00952","article-title":"Composition\nof PAHs in Biochar and Implications for Biochar Production","volume":"10","author":"Buss","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit46","first-page":"627","article-title":"Polycyclic\nAromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Aromatic Compounds in Biochar","volume-title":"Biochar for Environmental Management","author":"Bucheli","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106764","article-title":"Biochars\nfrom Chlorine-Rich Feedstock Are Low in Polychlorinated Dioxins, Furans\nand Biphenyls","volume":"183","author":"Grafmu\u0308ller","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit48","unstructured":"German Federal Office of Justice.\n          . Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung\n(BBodSchV), 1999. https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/bbodschv\/BBodSchV.pdf (accessed January 03, 2021)."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit49","unstructured":"Schweizerischer Bundesrat.\n          . Verordnung u\u0308ber\nBelastungen des Bodens (VBBo). 2016https:\/\/www.fedlex.admin.ch\/eli\/cc\/1998\/1854_1854_1854\/de (accessed October 15, 2024)."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit50","unstructured":"German Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection.\n          . Verordnung u\u0308ber das Inverkehrbringen von\nDu\u0308ngemitteln, Bodenhilfsstoffen, Kultursubstraten und Pflanzenhilfsmitteln\n(Du\u0308ngemittelverordnung - Du\u0308MV). 2012."},{"key":"2026081810402215400_cit51","unstructured":"European Union.\n          . Directive\n2008\/98\/EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council, 2008. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2008\/98\/oj\/eng (accessed October 15, 2024)."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c14739","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/32\/22314\/66394882\/acs.est.5c14739.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/32\/22314\/66394882\/acs.est.5c14739.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:57:09Z","timestamp":1787072229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/32\/22314\/5243723\/Increasing-Biochar-Yield-in-Pyrolysis-by-Adding"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c14739","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}