{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:43:59Z","timestamp":1792784639093,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016056","name":"Minderoo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Environmental Defense Fund","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02tj7r959","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At least 2,160 food contact chemicals (FCCs) are known to migrate into foodstuffs, and some of them, such as certain bisphenols and ortho-phthalates, have been partially regulated in a few geographic regions due to health risks. However, the current approach to chemicals management is slow and can lead to regrettable substitutions, as seen with bisphenol A (BPA, CAS 80-05-7) being replaced by bisphenol S (BPS, CAS 80-09-1). To help address these issues and provide evidence-based guidance, we systematically prioritized the currently known 15,159 FCCs based on their well-known human health hazards and exposure potential from food contact materials (FCMs). Overall, 1,222 FCCs make up the FCCprio List. These FCCs are carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic for reproduction, toxic for specific target organs, endocrine disrupting, persistent, bioaccumulative, and\/or mobile, based on GHS-aligned hazard data. 94 FCCs are assigned to the highest tier (Tier 1) because of evidence for migration into food and presence in humans from human biomonitoring programs. We then grouped all known FCCs by chemical structure and identified 38 priority structural groups with a particularly high fraction of known hazardous chemicals, including well-known priority groups such as ortho-phthalates and PFASs as well as less-discussed groups (e.g., primary aromatic amines, organophosphates, isocyanates). Importantly, 4,222 FCCs fall into priority groups, meaning they are structurally closely related to hazardous FCCs, and 70% of these FCCs lack adequate hazard data\u2500indicating significant knowledge gaps and the potential for regrettable substitutions. While these results highlight potential for prioritizing data-poor FCCs through grouping, ultimately more holistic strategies, including mixture toxicity assessment or testing finished FCMs for biological activity, are needed to reduce the overall human exposure to hazardous or untested FCCs migrating from FCMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c15186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:43:28Z","timestamp":1788425008000},"page":"25475-25489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prioritizing and\nGrouping Food Contact Chemicals:\nFrom Chaos to Clarity"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4154-5907","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helene","family":"Wiesinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Packaging Forum Foundation , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8045"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-0546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lindsey V.","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Packaging Forum Foundation , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8045"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0749-3982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Birgit","family":"Geueke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Packaging Forum Foundation , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8045"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2301-7066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Albert","family":"Anguera Sempere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Packaging Forum Foundation , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8045"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0517-7043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin M.","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Packaging Forum Foundation , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8045"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5613-8816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Etienne","family":"Cabane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Packaging Forum Foundation , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8045"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0809-7826","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Scheringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zu\u0308rich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]},{"name":"Masaryk University , , ,","place":["Brno, Czechia, 625 00"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6942-0594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jane","family":"Muncke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Packaging Forum Foundation , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8045"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit1","unstructured":"Food Packaging Forum (FPF). . Food Contact Chemicals database (FCCdb). 2025. https:\/\/foodpackagingforum.org\/resources\/databases\/fccdb (accessed 2025\u221203\u221225)."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106225","article-title":"Overview of\nintentionally used food contact chemicals and their hazards","volume":"150","author":"Groh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit3","unstructured":"Food Packaging Forum (FPF). . FCCmigex database - A systematic evidence map to explore migrating and extractable food contact chemicals. 2025. https:\/\/foodpackagingforum.org\/resources\/databases\/fccmigex (accessed 2025\u201303\u201325)."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026091511110417400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9425","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2067828","article-title":"Systematic evidence on migrating and extractable food\ncontact chemicals: Most chemicals detected in food contact materials\nare not listed for use","volume":"63","author":"Geueke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci.\nNutr."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit5","volume-title":"Enforcement\u2019s Perspective","author":"McCombie","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511110417400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390500295490","article-title":"Food Contamination\nwith Organic Materials in Perspective: Packaging Materials as the\nLargest and Least Controlled Source? A View Focusing on the European\nSituation","volume":"46","author":"Grob","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit7","unstructured":"ILSI Europe\n            ; ; Koster, S.; Bani-Estivals, M.-H.; Bonuomo, M.; Bradley, E.; Chagnon, M.-C.; Garcia, M. L.; Godts, F.; Gude, T.; Helling, R.; et al.; Guidance on best practices for the\nrisk assessment of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food\ncontact materials and articles; ILSI\nEurope, Brussels, Belgium, 2016. https:\/\/ilsi.org\/europe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/04\/2015-NIAS_version-January-2016.pdf (accessed 2026\u201306\u201325)."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.02.028","article-title":"The challenge of identifying\nnon-intentionally added substances from food packaging materials:\na review","volume":"775","author":"Nerin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. 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Phthalates in Food Packaging and\nFood Contact Applications. 2024.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/food-additives-and-gras-ingredients-information-consumers\/phthalates-food-packaging-and-food-contact-applications (accessed 2025\u201310\u201301)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511110417400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4459","article-title":"An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses Evaluating Associations\nbetween Human Health and Exposure to Major Classes of Plastic-Associated\nChemicals","volume":"90","author":"Symeonides","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Global Health"},{"issue":"39","key":"2026091511110417400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20919","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c00513","article-title":"Human Internal\nExposures of Bisphenol A and Six Data-Poor Analogs Predicted by Physiologically\nBased Kinetic Models with Multimodal Parametrization","volume":"59","author":"Bigonne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"33","key":"2026091511110417400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17457","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c07018","article-title":"Beyond\nEstrogenicity: A Comparative\nAssessment of Bisphenol A and Its Alternatives in In Vitro Assays\nQuestions Safety of Replacements","volume":"59","author":"Srebny","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2024.1440331","article-title":"Potential mammary carcinogens used\nin food contact articles: implications for policy, enforcement, and\nprevention","volume":"6","author":"Parkinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129167","article-title":"Implementing the EU Chemicals Strategy\nfor Sustainability: The case of food contact chemicals of concern","volume":"437","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.e211015","article-title":"Risk assessment\nof\nfood contact materials","volume":"21","author":"Rami\u0301rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit18","unstructured":"United States Government Accountability, O.\n          . 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Guidance on Grouping of Chemicals; 80; Paris, France, 2007. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/publications\/reports\/2014\/09\/guidance-on-grouping-of-chemicals_g1ghcccc\/9789264085831-en.pdf (accessed 2026\u201306\u201325)."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit27","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\n          .  Guidance on Grouping of Chemicals, Third\nEdition; 418; Paris, France, 2025. 10.1787\/b254a158-en (accessed 2026\u201307\u201310)."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026091511110417400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202210651","article-title":"Lessons Learned\nfrom the Grouping\nof Chemicals to Assess Risks to Human Health","volume":"62","author":"Wohlleben","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. 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Grouping of substances and read-across.2025. https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/support\/registration\/how-to-avoid-unnecessary-testing-on-animals\/grouping-of-substances-and-read-across (accessed 2025\u201310\u201320)."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit32","article-title":"Regulation (EC) No 1907\/2006 concerning\nthe Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals\n(REACH)","volume-title":"EC No 1907\/2006","author":"European Parliament.","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105249","article-title":"A scheme to evaluate structural alerts to predict\ntoxicity \u2013 Assessing confidence by characterising uncertainties","volume":"135","author":"Cronin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091511110417400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300206t","article-title":"Nongenotoxic\nCarcinogenicity of Chemicals:\nMechanisms of Action and Early Recognition through a New Set of Structural\nAlerts","volume":"113","author":"Benigni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit35","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\n          . OECD QSAR Toolbox. 2025. http:\/\/www.qsartoolbox.org\/ (accessed 2026\u201306\u201325)."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit36","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).\n          .  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). 2001. https:\/\/leap.unep.org\/sites\/default\/files\/treaty\/stockholm-en.pdf\n(accessed 2026\u201306\u201325)."},{"key":"2026091511110417400_cit37","unstructured":"Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.\n          . 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