{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T09:05:25Z","timestamp":1776157525326,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007183","name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018432","name":"California NanoSystems Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018432","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR 2308708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR 2308708"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRG2188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG2188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of California, Office of Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c15766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:39:03Z","timestamp":1775248743000},"page":"10525-10537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aquatic Toxicological Assessment of Solid Pyrolysis Product (SPP) from Synthetic Textile Feedstock Relative to Biochar, Carbon Black, and Activated Carbon"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Ilona","family":"Juvonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Younghoon","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]},{"name":"University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-7742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and Earth Research Institute","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]},{"name":"University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liviu","family":"Iancu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and Earth Research Institute","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]},{"name":"University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Strom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Laboratory","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]},{"name":"University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AC Fox, Inc., 151 Hill Road, Groton, Massachusetts 01450, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-8478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan T.","family":"Valentine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]},{"name":"University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]},{"name":"Materials Research Laboratory","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]},{"name":"University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9008-521X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monika","family":"Mortimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6777-5359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and Earth Research Institute","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]},{"name":"University of California","place":["Santa Barbara, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-02914-2"},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.1500-207"},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","unstructured":"Runnel, A.; Raihan, K.; Castle, N.; Oja, D.; Bhuiya, H.\n                      The Undiscovered Business Potential of Production Leftovers within Global Fashion Supply Chains: Creating a Digitally Enhanced Circular Economy, White Paper\n                      . Reverse Resources, 2017. https:\/\/reverseresources.net\/whitepaper\/"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154542"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b06892"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49441-4"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03045"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285548"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","unstructured":"EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\n                      National\nRecycling Strategy: Part One of a Series on Building a Circular Economy\nfor All\n                      , 2021. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/circulareconomy\/national-recycling-strategy."},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","volume-title":"Directive (EU) 2018\/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2008\/98\/EC on waste","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.59117\/20.500.11822\/42580","volume-title":"United Nations Environment ProgrammeSustainability and Circularity In The Textile Value Chain - A Global Roadmap","author":"United Nations Environment Programme","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.114730"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160393"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17030341"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.2770"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112047"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132096"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c00952"},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-023-05216-w"},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105172"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c02768"},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b01687"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.7b00267"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04400"},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-014-1344-1"},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2022.104700"},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02305"},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120390"},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115383"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es401142e"},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","volume-title":"Screening Assessment for the Challenge. Carbon BlackChemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 1333\u201386\u20134, Environment Canada, Health Canada June 2013"},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b01337"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b08977"},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.144278"},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04475-4"},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SU00095H"},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2025.102042"},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b06970"},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EN00750E"},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","volume-title":"United Nations Environment Programme, Unsustainable Fashion and Textiles in Focus for International Day of Zero Waste 2025","author":"UNEP","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2014.11.016"},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2021.100137"},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","volume-title":"International Biochar Initiative, Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines or Biochar That Is Used In Soil","author":"USIBI","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","unstructured":"Alley\nLab\n                      Activated Carbon (Charcoal) Powder, Food\nGrade, Kosher, Halal, Wood Based\n                      . https:\/\/www.laballey.com\/products\/activated-carbon-charcoal-powder."},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.017"},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","volume-title":"Water quality \u2500 kinetic determination of the inhibitory effects of sediment, other solids and coloured samples on the light emission of vibrio fischeri (kinetic luminescent bacteria test)","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.02.011"},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.07.007"},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EN00057B"},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264069923-en"},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.10.053"},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","unstructured":"Vindimian, E. https:\/\/www.normalesup.org\/~vindimian\/en_index.html."},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c10226"},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071326"},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144204"},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120056"},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2025.131207"},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssusresmgt.5c00104"},{"key":"ref59\/cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109900"},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2010.528846"},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01738"},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987422"},{"key":"ref63\/cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08065.x"},{"key":"ref64\/cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.05.003"},{"key":"ref65\/cit65","unstructured":"Carbon blacks with low amount of Polycyclic Aromatic\nHydrocarbons\n(PAHs). Technical Information 1483\n                      ; Orion\nEngineered Carbons GmbH, 2022. https:\/\/orioncarbons.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/13_10_22_ti_1483_pah_web.pdf."},{"key":"ref66\/cit66","unstructured":"Regulation (EC) No 1272\/2008 of the European Parliament\nand of the\nCouncil of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging\nof substances and mixtures\n                      , 2008. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2008\/1272\/2025-09-01."},{"key":"ref67\/cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.251"},{"key":"ref68\/cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01916"},{"key":"ref69\/cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00794.x"},{"key":"ref70\/cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03587"},{"key":"ref71\/cit71","unstructured":"European Chemicals\nBureau\n                      Institute for Health and\nConsumer Protection (Joint Research Centre), Technical Guidance Document\non risk assessment in support of Commission Directive 93\/67\/EEC on\nrisk assessment for new notified substances, Commission Regulation\n(EC) No 1488\/94 on risk assessment for existing substances, Directive\n98\/8\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the\nplacing of biocidal products on the market\n                      Part II. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/9aebb292-39c5-4b9c-b4cb-97fb02d9bea2\/language-en, 2003."},{"key":"ref72\/cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.02.055"},{"key":"ref73\/cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104477"},{"key":"ref74\/cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-014-2493-0"},{"key":"ref75\/cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140602"},{"key":"ref76\/cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.12.037"},{"key":"ref77\/cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.05.007"},{"key":"ref78\/cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201201455"},{"key":"ref79\/cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2025.108256"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c15766","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c15766","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:13:56Z","timestamp":1776154436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c15766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acs.est.5c15766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c15766","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}}}