{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:43:58Z","timestamp":1792784638976,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U23A20158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A20158"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The ratio of mineral-associated organic carbon to particulate organic carbon (MAOC:POC) can serve as an indicator for assessing relative soil organic carbon (SOC) stability, which is closely linked to climate change mitigation and sustainable agriculture. However, the potential for enhancing relative SOC stability in global croplands, and the corresponding optimized integrated management strategies, remain unclear. Here, we developed a machine learning model that captured the interactions among cropland management practices, soil, and climate factors using a compiled global data set of 2,029 field observations, enabling systematic geospatial analysis of MAOC:POC across croplands worldwide. We found that cropland management practices, including tillage, fertilization, and irrigation, exert strong control over the MAOC:POC, and identified grid-specific optimal integrated combinations that achieve the highest ratio without compromising total SOC. Compared with the current global mean MAOC:POC of 6.32, implementing these strategies could increase this ratio to 9.58, representing a 51.5% improvement. Our findings provide the first global spatial diagnosis of relative SOC stability and demonstrate the potential of context-adapted strategies, offering actionable insights for carbon-smart and climate-resilient agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c16320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:35:00Z","timestamp":1788327300000},"page":"25490-25499","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing\nGlobal Cropland Soil Organic Carbon Stability\nThrough Integrated Management Practices"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruichao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4435-9237","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yulong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenling","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100193"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026091511111691500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0491-z","article-title":"The role of soil carbon in natural\nclimate solutions","volume":"3","author":"Bossio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustainable"},{"issue":"5677","key":"2026091511111691500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097396","article-title":"Soil carbon\nsequestration impacts on global climate change and food security","volume":"304","author":"Lal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091511111691500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01302-3","article-title":"Global crop production\nincrease by soil organic carbon","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2015.12.005","article-title":"Erosion, deposition and soil carbon: A review of process-level\ncontrols, experimental tools and models to address C cycling in dynamic\nlandscapes","volume":"154","author":"Doetterl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev"},{"issue":"7580","key":"2026091511111691500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16069","article-title":"The contentious nature\nof soil organic matter","volume":"528","author":"Lehmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511111691500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57354-z","article-title":"Unprotected carbon\ndominates decadal soil carbon increase","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun"},{"issue":"7367","key":"2026091511111691500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10386","article-title":"Persistence of soil\norganic matter as an ecosystem property","volume":"478","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031561","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1031561","article-title":"Soil organic\ncarbon stabilization and associated mineral protection\nin typical coastal wetlands under different hydrologic conditions","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2024.106252","article-title":"Combining rotary and\ndeep tillage\nincreases crop yields by improving the soil physical structure and\naccumulating organic carbon of subsoil","volume":"244","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil\nTillage Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091511111691500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14020307","article-title":"Optimized\nnitrogen fertilization promoted soil organic\ncarbon accumulation by increasing microbial necromass carbon in potato\ncontinuous cropping field","volume":"14","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2024.106223","article-title":"Enhanced soil organic\ncarbon stability in rhizosphere through manure application","volume":"244","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026091511111691500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-21-4077-2024","article-title":"Mechanisms of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stabilization\nin mineral-associated organic matter \u2013 insights from modeling\nin phase space","volume":"21","author":"Manzoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511111691500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2389.2001.00406.x","article-title":"Sources and\ncomposition of soil organic matter fractions between\nand within soil aggregates","volume":"52","author":"Six","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091511111691500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70300","article-title":"Iron-organic carbon\ninteractions in wetlands: Implications for wetland carbon preservation\nunder global changes","volume":"31","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511111691500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14859","article-title":"Conceptualizing\nsoil organic matter\ninto particulate and mineral-associated forms to address global change\nin the 21st century","volume":"26","author":"Lavallee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091511111691500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00744-x","article-title":"Different\nclimate sensitivity of particulate and mineral-associated soil organic\nmatter","volume":"14","author":"Lugato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511111691500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-023-00396-y","article-title":"Introducing\nthe soil mineral carbon pump","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth\nEnviron"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2023.116472","article-title":"Soil organic carbon sequestration\nin agricultural long-term field experiments as derived from particulate\nand mineral-associated organic matter","volume":"434","author":"Just","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091511111691500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17105","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.105","article-title":"The importance\nof anabolism in microbial\ncontrol over soil carbon storage","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511111691500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16588","article-title":"Nitrogen increases\nsoil organic carbon accrual and alters its functionality","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511111691500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12113","article-title":"The Microbial\nEfficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant\nlitter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: do labile\nplant inputs form stable soil organic matter?","volume":"19","author":"Cotrufo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2024.108404","article-title":"Fertilization and tillage influence\non soil organic carbon fractions: A global meta-analysis","volume":"246","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2024.116883","article-title":"Microbial adaption\nto stoichiometric imbalances regulated\nthe size of soil mineral-associated organic carbon pool under continuous\norganic amendments","volume":"445","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026091511111691500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2217481120","article-title":"Restoring\nparticulate and mineral-associated\norganic carbon through regenerative agriculture","volume":"120","author":"Prairie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. 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A"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2023.105770","article-title":"Particulate organic carbon is more sensitive to nitrogen addition\nthan mineral-associated organic carbon: A meta-analysis","volume":"232","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511111691500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57981-6","article-title":"Soil organic carbon thresholds control fertilizer\neffects on carbon accrual in croplands worldwide","volume":"16","author":"Ling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"issue":"7696","key":"2026091511111691500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25785","article-title":"Pursuing sustainable\nproductivity with millions of smallholder farmers","volume":"555","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026091511111691500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16703","article-title":"Management-induced\nchanges in soil organic carbon and related crop yield dynamics in\nChina\u2019s cropland","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2022.108248","article-title":"Soil organic\ncarbon and nitrogen\nfractions as affected by straw and nitrogen management on the North\nChina Plain","volume":"342","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric., Ecosyst. Environ"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091511111691500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-024-01076-w","article-title":"Optimized\nagricultural management reduces global cropland nitrogen losses to\nair and water","volume":"5","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822974-3.00067-7","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Soils\nin the Environment","author":"Leuthold","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091511111691500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12029","article-title":"A global analysis of soil microbial\nbiomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159738","article-title":"Cropland nitrous\noxide emissions exceed the emissions of RCP 2.6: A global spatial\nanalysis","volume":"858","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091511111691500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11749-016-0481-7","article-title":"A random forest guided\ntour","volume":"25","author":"Biau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Test"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091511111691500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813417106","article-title":"Reducing environmental\nrisk by improving N management in intensive\nChinese agricultural systems","volume":"106","author":"Ju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad.\nSci. U. S. A"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091511111691500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GB005960","article-title":"Manure and mineral\nfertilizer effects on crop yield and soil carbon sequestration: A\nmeta-analysis and modeling across China","volume":"32","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global\nBiogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132180","article-title":"Optimizing\nnitrogen fertilizer use\nfor more grain and less pollution","volume":"360","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean.\nProd"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026091511111691500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10246","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01285","article-title":"Deriving emission factors and estimating direct nitrous\noxide emissions for crop cultivation in China","volume":"53","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"7081","key":"2026091511111691500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04514","article-title":"Temperature sensitivity\nof soil carbon decomposition\nand feedbacks to climate change","volume":"440","author":"Davidson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511111691500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-024-01384-7","article-title":"Emergent\ntemperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon driven by mineral associations","volume":"17","author":"Georgiou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci"},{"issue":"7760","key":"2026091511111691500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1280-6","article-title":"Mineral protection\nregulates long-term global preservation of natural organic carbon","volume":"570","author":"Hemingway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511111691500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53169-6","article-title":"Conservation agriculture improves\nsoil health and sustains\ncrop yields after long-term warming","volume":"15","author":"Teng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108347","article-title":"Visualizing the transfer of organic\nmatter from decaying plant residues to soil mineral surfaces controlled\nby microorganisms","volume":"160","author":"Vidal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2022.108648","article-title":"The role of plant\ninput physical-chemical properties, and microbial and soil chemical\ndiversity on the formation of particulate and mineral-associated organic\nmatter","volume":"168","author":"Cotrufo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511111691500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38700-5","article-title":"Unlocking complex\nsoil systems as carbon sinks: multi-pool\nmanagement as the key","volume":"14","author":"Angst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2020.107867","article-title":"Management\npractices differently\naffect particulate and mineral-associated organic matter and their\nprecursors in arable soils","volume":"148","author":"Samson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2023.116676","article-title":"Manure application\ndecreases soil organic carbon priming\nby increasing mineral protection and nitrogen availability","volume":"439","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511111691500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70319","article-title":"Rethinking organic\ncarbon sequestration in agricultural soils from the elemental stoichiometry\nperspective","volume":"31","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2024.105495","article-title":"Priming and balance of soil organic\ncarbon differ with additive C: N ratios and long-term green manuring","volume":"201","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2025.106606","article-title":"Substrate-specific\npriming of mineral-associated organic carbon in various cropland soils","volume":"252","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091511111691500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15584","article-title":"Biological mechanisms\nmay contribute to soil carbon saturation patterns","volume":"27","author":"Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091511111691500_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70197","article-title":"Soil carbon\nsaturation: What do we really know?","volume":"31","author":"Georgiou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global\nChange Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511111691500_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15968","article-title":"Mechanisms of soil\norganic carbon\nstability and its response to no-till: A global synthesis and perspective","volume":"28","author":"Kan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091511111691500_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17507","article-title":"Land use drives the\ndistribution of free, physically\nprotected, and chemically protected soil organic carbon storage at\na global scale","volume":"30","author":"Willard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2026091511111691500_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2006.05.014","article-title":"Tillage and soil\ncarbon sequestration\u2500What do we really know?","volume":"118","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric., Ecosyst. Environ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091511111691500_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15001","article-title":"Climate drives\nglobal\nsoil carbon sequestration and crop yield changes under conservation\nagriculture","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091511111691500_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-021-00162-y","article-title":"Dynamic interactions\nat the mineral\u2013organic matter interface","volume":"6","author":"Kleber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ"},{"key":"2026091511111691500_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agron.2021.11.002","article-title":"Soil organic matter formation, persistence,\nand functioning:\nA synthesis of current understanding to inform its conservation and\nregeneration","volume":"172","author":"Cotrufo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. 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