{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:08:04Z","timestamp":1785247684821,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00467678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00467678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA24206030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA24206030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U25A20328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A20328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Concerns about mitigation deterrence have prompted calls for pathways that avoid multigigatonne reliance on carbon dioxide removal (CDR), yet such pathways can also discourage near-term investment in CDR, leaving the technologies technically and economically underprepared if large-scale deployment becomes necessary due to unfulfilled emission reduction pledges. Here we model a new pathway in which CDR and decarbonization \u201cCo-Scale\u201d aggressively in parallel without one undermining the other, with the intention that we can readily course-correct if effort in one domain does not materialize. We treat this scenario as a stylized upper bound of what is climatically achievable under ideal enabling conditions, rather than what is immediately feasible under current technical, economic, and environmental constraints. We compare this pathway with two conventional designs, i.e., CDR-Led and Decarb-Led. In CDR-Led, large-scale CDR can substitute for deep decarbonization, while in Decarb-Led, rapid emissions reductions are prioritized and CDR plays a limited complementary role. We find that compared to these two conventional scenarios, Co-Scale reaches net zero CO2 seven years earlier, accumulates 4 times more net negative CO2 by 2100, cuts the 1.5 \u00b0C overshoot duration by roughly half, and limits end-of-century warming to 1 \u00b0C rather than 1.37\u20131.39 \u00b0C. Relative to the recent focus on Decarb-Led pathways, Co-Scale\u2019s main constraints is the feasibility of geological carbon storage, while food, water, and cost pressures are comparatively less restrictive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c17017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:26:56Z","timestamp":1783009616000},"page":"20242-20253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ambitious\nCo-scaling of Carbon Dioxide Removal and\nDecarbonization Delivers Better Climate Outcomes Than Strategies That\nPrioritize Efforts in One Domain"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0985-151X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey Dankwa","family":"Ampah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0861-4966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Guangxi University , , , ,","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7293-8714","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingfa","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandylove","family":"Afrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenlong","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangming","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University , , , ,","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0905-6273","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Humphrey","family":"Adun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Near East University , , TRNC Mersin 10 , ,","place":["Nicosia, Turkey, 99138"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-6850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jay","family":"Fuhrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20740"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael Wentemi","family":"Apeaning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University , , , ,","place":["Stony Brook, New York, United States, 11790"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University , , , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20016"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii at Ma\u0305noa , , 1000 Pope Road , , ,","place":["Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96822"]},{"name":"[C]Worthy , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80302"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1889-6218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]},{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0348-5704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haewon","family":"McJeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST Graduate School of Green Growth & Sustainability , ,","place":["Daejeon, Korea, 34141"]},{"name":"KAIST Institute for Climate-Environment-Energy , ,","place":["Daejeon, Korea, 34141"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-023-00493-y","article-title":"Controversies of Carbon\nDioxide Removal","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06866","article-title":"Prioritizing Non-Carbon\nDioxide Removal Mitigation Strategies Could\nReduce the Negative Impacts Associated with Large-Scale Reliance on\nNegative Emissions","volume":"58","author":"Ampah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072809083770700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50594-5","article-title":"Deployment Expectations\nof Multi-Gigatonne Scale Carbon Removal Could Have Adverse Impacts\non Asia\u2019s Energy-Water-Land Nexus","volume":"15","author":"Ampah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2022.102656","article-title":"Moral Hazard or\nNot? The Effects of Learning about Carbon Dioxide Removal on Perceptions\nof Climate Mitigation in the United States","volume":"89","author":"Hart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072809083770700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.826","article-title":"Is Carbon Removal\nDelaying Emission Reductions?","volume":"14","author":"Carton","year":"2023","journal-title":"WIREs Clim. Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072809083770700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-020-02732-3","article-title":"Quantifying\nthe Potential Scale of Mitigation Deterrence from Greenhouse Gas Removal\nTechniques","volume":"162","author":"McLaren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clim. 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Consum."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit19","unstructured":"World Economic Forum.\n          \n          Carbon Dioxide Removal:\nBest-Practice Guidelines. 2024."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit20","unstructured":"Energy Transitions Commission.\n          . Mind\nthe Gap: How Carbon Dioxide Removals Must Complement Deep Decarbonisation\nto Keep 1.5\u00b0C Alive. 2022."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072809083770700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad456d","article-title":"Ambitious Efforts\non Residual Emissions Can Reduce CO2 Removal and Lower\nPeak Temperatures in a Net-Zero Future","volume":"19","author":"Fuhrman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.\nRes. 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D.; Aaron, S.; Feng, L.; Enlochner; ; Cwroney; ; Lynch, C.; Jhoring; ; Khan, Z.; Siddarthd96; ; Orourkepr; ; JonathanHuster; ; Haewon; ; Ou, Y.; Iyer, G.; Mwisepnnl; ; Marideeweber.  JGCRI\/Gcam-Core: GCAM 6.0; Zenodo, 2022.10.5281\/ZENODO.6619287."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit25","unstructured":"Bond-Lamberty, B.; Patel, P.; Lurz, J.; Smith, S.; Synder, A.; Kyle, P.\n          JGCRI\/Gcam-Core: GCAM 5.4.; 2021.10.5281\/zenodo.5093192."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egycc.2020.100022","article-title":"An Integrated Assessment of a Low\nCoal Low Nuclear Future Energy System for Taiwan","volume":"2","author":"Bergero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Clim. 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Model\nDev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072809083770700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00636-x","article-title":"Long-Term National\nClimate Strategies\nBet on Forests and Soils to Reach Net-Zero","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit32","unstructured":"CAT.\n          . Climate Action\nTracker. https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/ (accessed 2023-06-22)."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit33","unstructured":"European Commission.\n          . Europe\u2019s\n2040 Climate Target and Path to Climate Neutrality by 2050 Building\na Sustainable, Just and Prosperous Society; COM(2024) 63 final; Communication\nfrom the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European\nEconomic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, 2024."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit34","unstructured":"Lebling, K.; Riedl, D.; Schumer, C.\n          How Separate Climate Targets\nCan Help Avoid Overreliance on Carbon Removal.\n          https:\/\/www.wri.org\/technical-perspectives\/separate-climate-targets-carbon-dioxide-removal (accessed 2025-11-17)."},{"issue":"8079","key":"2026072809083770700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09423-y","article-title":"A Prudent Planetary Limit for Geologic\nCarbon Storage","volume":"645","author":"Gidden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-18-3211-2026","article-title":"Global Carbon\nBudget 2025","volume":"18","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"2026","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit37","article-title":"Climate Change\n2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group\nIII to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel\non Climate Change","author":"IPCC.","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit38","unstructured":"Lebling, K.; Rennicks, J.; Leslie-Bole, H.\n          Carbon Dioxide\nRemoval Investment Act.\n          2024."},{"key":"2026072809083770700_cit39","unstructured":"U.S. EPA.\n          . Summary\nof Inflation Reduction Act provisions related to renewable energy.https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/green-power-markets\/summary-inflation-reduction-act-provisions-related-renewable-energy (accessed 2026-06-15)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072809083770700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-15-2085-2022","article-title":"From Emission\nScenarios to Spatially Resolved Projections\nwith a Chain of Computationally Efficient Emulators: Coupling of MAGICC\n(v7.5.1) and MESMER (v0.8.3)","volume":"15","author":"Beusch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosci. Model\nDev."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17017","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/29\/20242\/65344897\/acs.est.5c17017.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/29\/20242\/65344897\/acs.est.5c17017.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:25:37Z","timestamp":1785245137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/29\/20242\/5174414\/Ambitious-Co-scaling-of-Carbon-Dioxide-Removal-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"29","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}