{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:13:28Z","timestamp":1777367608267,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c17598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T13:41:27Z","timestamp":1776174087000},"page":"12063-12075","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Reductions in Total and Compositional PM\n                    <sub>2.5<\/sub>\n                    Exposure across Socioeconomic and Demographic Groups from Emission Source Mitigation in Canada (2007\u20132016)"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6781-7781","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Delic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Health Canada","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Kunarac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Health Canada","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Health Canada","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Pappin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water and Air Quality Bureau","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Health Canada","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2998-8521","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron","family":"van Donkelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Environment & Chemical Engineering","place":["St. Louis, United States"]},{"name":"Washington University","place":["St. Louis, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randall","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Environment & Chemical Engineering","place":["St. Louis, United States"]},{"name":"Washington University","place":["St. Louis, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0353-3622","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Health Canada","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Public Health Ontario","place":["Toronto, Canada"]},{"name":"ICES","place":["Toronto, Canada"]},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health","place":["Toronto, Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. 2024, https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health (accessed Jan 2025)."},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","unstructured":"State of Global Air. Health Impacts of PM2.5. 2024, https:\/\/www.stateofglobalair.org\/health\/pm#:~:text=and%20occupational%20risks.regional%20disparities,the%20total%20global%20mortality%20burden (accessed Feb 2025)."},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","unstructured":"United States Environmental\nProtection Agency (USEPA). Particulate matter (PM) pollution. 2023, https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pm-pollution\/particulate-matter-pm-basics#effects (accessed Feb 2025)."},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","unstructured":"The Canadian Council of Ministers\nof the Environment. https:\/\/ccme.ca\/en\/air-quality-report#slide-5 (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901181"},{"issue":"177","key":"ref6\/cit6","first-page":"5","author":"Lippmann M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Rep.\u2500Health Eff. Inst."},{"issue":"178","key":"ref7\/cit7","first-page":"5","author":"Vedal S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Rep.\u2500Health Eff. Inst."},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.01.026"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408565"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307549"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000000269"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.09.005"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105268"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ee9.0000000000000047"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp8584"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04190-y"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022gh000672"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159766"},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072x-12-34"},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173127"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac129.563"},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107599"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135333"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39797-4"},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","unstructured":"Environment\nand Natural Resources. 2017, https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/environment\/weather\/climatechange\/pan-canadian-framework\/introduction.html#1_4 (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","unstructured":"Environment and Natural Resources. 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan: Clean\nAir, Strong Economy. 2024, https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/services\/environment\/weather\/climatechange\/climate-plan\/climate-plan-overview\/emissions-reduction-2030.html (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","unstructured":"Environment and Climate Change\nCanada. Clean Air Regulatory\nAgenda (CARA). 2024, https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/corporate\/transparency\/strategic-environmental-economic-assessments\/clean-air-regulatory-agenda.html (accessed August 2025)."},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Census Profile, 2016 Census. 2021, https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/dp-pd\/prof\/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed September 2024)."},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.4c00151"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","unstructured":"Government of\nCanada. Air Pollutant Emissions\nInventory. 2018, https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2020\/eccc\/En81-30-2018-eng.pdf (accessed September 2024)."},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","unstructured":"National Emissions\nInventory, version 2, Technical Support Document. 2011, https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2015-10\/documents\/nei2011v2_tsd_14aug2015.pdf (accessed September 2024)."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","unstructured":"SAS Enterprise\nGuide 7.1 (64-bit)\n                      ; SAS Institute Inc.: Cary, NC, USA, 2019."},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","unstructured":"R Foundation.\n                      The R Foundation for Statistical Computing\nPlatform x86_64-w64-mingw32\/x64 (64-bit), Version 4.4\n                      , 2024."},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","unstructured":"ESRI.\n                      ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.6\n                      ; Environmental Systems Research Institute: Redlands, CA, 2024."},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209490119"},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","unstructured":"Brauer, M.; Brook, J. R.; Christidis, T.; Chi, Y.; Crouse, D., Erickson, A. Mortality-air pollution associtions in low-exposure environments (MAPLE): Phase 2. Heith Effects Institute (HEI), Research Report 212. 2022, Available from: https:\/\/www.healtheffects.org\/publication\/mortality-air-pollution-associations-low-exposure-environments-maple-phase-2 (accessed February 2025)."},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","unstructured":"Brunekreef, B.; Strak, M.; Chen, J.; Andersen, Z. J.; Atkinson, R.; Bauwelinck, M.; Bellander, T. R.; Bouton, M.; Brandt, J.; Carey, I.; Cesaroni, G.; Forasteiere, F.; Fecht, D.; Gulliver, J.; Hertel, O.; Hoffman, B.; Hoogh, K.; Houthijs, D.; Hvidtfeldt, U.; Janseen, N.; Jorgensen, J.; Katsouanni, K.; Ketzel, M.; Klompmaker, J.; Krog, N.; Liu, S., Ljungman, P.; Metha, A.; Nagel, G.; Oftedal, B.; Pershagen, G.; Peters, A.; Nielsem, O.; Renzi, M.; Rodopoulou, S.; Samoli, E.; Schwarze, P.; Sigsgaard, T.; Staffogia, M.; Vienneau, D.; Weinmayr, G.; Wolf, K.; Hoek, G. Mortality and morbidity effects of long-term exposure to low-level PM2.5, BCX, NO2, and O3: an analysis of European Cohorts in the ELAPSE Project. Heith Effects Institute (HEI), Research Report 208. 2021, Available from: https:\/\/www.healtheffects.org\/publication\/mortality-and-morbidity-effects-long-term-exposure-low-level-pm25-bc-no2-and-o3-analysis (accessed February 2025)."},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","unstructured":"Dominici, F.; Schwartz, J.; Di, Q.; Braun, D.; Choirat, C.; Zanobetti, A. Assessing adverse health effects of long-term exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution: Phase 1. Heith Effects Institute (HEI), Research Report 200. 2019, Available from: https:\/\/www.healtheffects.org\/publication\/assessing-adverse-health-effects-long-term-exposure-low-levels-ambient-air-pollution (accessed February 2025)."},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","unstructured":"Health Canada. Canadian Health Science Assessment for Fine Particulate\nMatter (PM2.5). 2022, https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2022\/sc-hc\/H144-100-2022-eng.pdf (accessed December 2024)."},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.4.254"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41\/cit41","first-page":"9","volume":"28","author":"Pinault L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.028"},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205201"},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2024.09.017"},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5317"},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200765"},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Trends in education-occupation mismatch among recent\nimmigrants with a bachelor\u2019s degree or higher, 2001 to 2021. 2024, https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/36-28-0001\/2024005\/article\/00002-eng.htm (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106969"},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","unstructured":"Natural Resources\nCanada. Potash facts. 2025, https:\/\/natural-resources.canada.ca\/minerals-mining\/mining-data-statistics-analysis\/minerals-metals-facts\/potash-facts (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","unstructured":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Ammonia emissions. 2024, https:\/\/agriculture.canada.ca\/en\/environment\/resource-management\/indicators\/ammonia-emissions (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","unstructured":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Overview of Canada\u2019s agriculture\nand agri-food sector. 2024, https:\/\/agriculture.canada.ca\/en\/sector\/overview (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","unstructured":"Environment and Climate Change\nCanada. Canada\u2019s Black\nCarbon Inventory Report 2025. 2025, https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/air-pollution\/publications\/black-carbon-inventory-emissions-2025.html (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","unstructured":"Huff, R. A burning reality. Manading the health risks of residential wood smoke. National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health. 2025, https:\/\/ncceh.ca\/resources\/blog\/burning-reality-managing-health-risks-residential-wood-smoke (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Primary heating systems and type of energy. 2025, https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/t1\/tbl1\/en\/tv.action?pid=3810028601 (accessed June 2025)."},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.967174"},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270459"},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128436"},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c03725"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17598","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17598","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:22:15Z","timestamp":1777364535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acs.est.5c17598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17598","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]}}}