{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:51:36Z","timestamp":1782204696492,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000879","name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023789","name":"Office of Vice President for Research, University of Virginia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Environmental Institute"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Environmental Institute"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CBET-2215396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET-2215396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c17950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T06:03:59Z","timestamp":1780898639000},"page":"17192-17205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large-Scale Carbon Removal Will Create Public Health, Economic, and Climate Trade-Offs"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8912-2770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Parisa","family":"Javadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]},{"name":"University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-112X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick","family":"O\u2019Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland","place":["College Park, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-6850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jay","family":"Fuhrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Sustainability","place":["College Park, United States"]},{"name":"University of Maryland","place":["College Park, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5102-3507","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment","place":["Durham, United States"]},{"name":"Duke University","place":["Durham, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Doney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]},{"name":"University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8818-0541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Shobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]},{"name":"University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]},{"name":"University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0606-9717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andr\u00e9s F.","family":"Clarens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]},{"name":"University of Virginia","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","volume-title":"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: particulate Matter (PM2. 5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide.","author":"Organization W. H.","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-4-287-2011"},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.02.122"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egycc.2023.100117"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egycc.2024.100165"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00424"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-011-9483-9"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2342"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab31d9"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","first-page":"2","volume":"2","author":"Burtraw D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electric Power"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2025.101232"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46341-5"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47853-w"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2023.1293650"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2882"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-101718-033129"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aabf9f"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","volume-title":"Mitigation and development pathways in the near-to mid-term (Chapter 4). IPCC 2022: climate change 2022: mitigation of climate change. contribution of working group III to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change","author":"Lecocq F.","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu7590"},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","volume-title":"IPCC, 2023: climate Change 2023: synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Lee H.","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad77e7"},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06866"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-020-02732-3"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.826"},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","volume-title":"How to avoid carbon removal delaying emissions reductions","author":"H\u00f6glund R.","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2023.103591"},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/add0c9"},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02385"},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00008"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33295-9"},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35098-4"},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107972"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41131-x"},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/dtad010"},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2023.105728"},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1394678"},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312832120"},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26356-y"},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egycc.2023.100118"},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23554-6"},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2753-3751\/ad81fb"},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2017.140"},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12091747"},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2023.11.001"},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01527-z"},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02516-4"},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac0749"},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj6171"},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09423-y"},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0457"},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26509-z"},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad456d"},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01604-9"},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aabf9b"},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aabff4"},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-101718-033129"},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0823-z"},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00436-3"},{"key":"ref59\/cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0876-z"},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aced18"},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ada4c0"},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","volume-title":"JGCRI\/gcam-core: gCAM 7.1","author":"Bond-Lamberty B.","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref63\/cit63","volume-title":"AR6 Scenarios Database","author":"Byers E.","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref64\/cit64","volume-title":"FaIR v1.6.2 calibrated and constrained parameter set","author":"Smith C.","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref65\/cit65","volume-title":"Economic Damages from Climate Change to US Populations: integrating Evidence from Recent Studies","author":"Kopits E.","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref66\/cit66","unstructured":"U.S. EPA.\n                      CO-Benefits Risk Assessment Health Impacts\nScreening and Mapping Tool (COBRA)\n                      . https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/cobra (2025)."},{"key":"ref67\/cit67","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection\nAgency.\n                      GLIMPSE-To-COBRA\nBridge Spreadsheet\n                      . https:\/\/catalog.data.gov\/dataset\/glimpse-to-cobra-bridge-spreadsheet-v2024-08-23 (2024)."},{"key":"ref68\/cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.05.006"},{"key":"ref69\/cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.086"},{"key":"ref70\/cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2021.660787"},{"key":"ref71\/cit71","unstructured":"GCAM v3.2 Documentation:\nAgriculture, Land-Use, and Bioenergy\n                      . https:\/\/jgcri.github.io\/gcam-doc\/v3.2\/Agriculture_Land-Use_and_Bioenergy.html (2025)."},{"key":"ref72\/cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2448-9"},{"key":"ref73\/cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.13343"},{"key":"ref74\/cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaa9c4"},{"key":"ref75\/cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1053"},{"key":"ref76\/cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21868-z"},{"key":"ref77\/cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad52ab"},{"key":"ref78\/cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18232-y"},{"key":"ref79\/cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE03382K"},{"key":"ref80\/cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2018.02.020"},{"key":"ref81\/cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157896"},{"key":"ref82\/cit82","unstructured":"A multi-scale photochemical modeling system for\ngas and particulate\nair pollution\n                      . https:\/\/www.camx.com\/(2024)."},{"key":"ref83\/cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03317"},{"key":"ref84\/cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-11-2273-2018"},{"key":"ref85\/cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01661-0"},{"key":"ref86\/cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-023-01133-5"},{"key":"ref87\/cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2217124120"},{"key":"ref88\/cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33902-9"},{"key":"ref89\/cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0520-y"},{"key":"ref90\/cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2104061118"},{"key":"ref91\/cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41707-7"},{"key":"ref92\/cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP550"},{"key":"ref93\/cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2021.1945706"},{"key":"ref94\/cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41651-024-00180-6"},{"key":"ref95\/cit95","unstructured":"White House. OMB Circular No.A-4: Explanation and\nResponse to Public\nInput.\n                      https:\/\/bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/CircularA-4Explanation.pdf (2023)."},{"key":"ref96\/cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab34e3"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17950","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:29:47Z","timestamp":1782203387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acs.est.5c17950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c17950","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]}}}