{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:42:28Z","timestamp":1790178148802,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42030711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42477437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42477437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42671661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42671661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Soilization of bauxite residues offers a scalable route for long-term carbon management and ecological restoration. However, the microbial processes that transform exogenous organic inputs into stable soil-like carbon pools remain poorly resolved. Here, we combined cross-ecosystem meta-analysis, machine-learning prediction, native synthetic community (SynCom) construction, 13C-labeled straw microcosms, field validation, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and genome-resolved metagenomics to unravel microbiome-mediated carbon transformation at the dissolved organic matter (DOM) molecular scale. Our meta-analysis revealed that alkaline industrial wastes retained soil-like DOM signatures but were enriched in microbial humic- and protein-like components, indicating active yet incomplete carbon processing. Guided by these patterns, native SynCom inoculation increased 13C incorporation into total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), enlarged biodegradable and adsorbable DOC fractions, and shifted DOM from recalcitrant aromatic pools toward oxygenated carbohydrate-, tannin-, and phenolic-like molecular classes. Genome-resolved analyses linked this transformation to complementary polymer degradation and nutrient-cycling functions across fungal and bacterial guilds, including enriched carbohydrate-active enzymes in straw-carbon-utilizing metagenome-assembled genomes. Null model and thermodynamic analyses further showed that microbial communities were constrained by homogeneous selection, whereas DOM molecules were diversified through variable selection and redox-dependent transformation. Field-scale validation confirmed that SynCom promoted TOC and DOC accumulation and humic-like, high-density DOM fractions under alkaline conditions. Together, these findings establish a mechanistic framework in which functional microbiomes couple plant carbon depolymerization, DOM molecular diversification, and mineral-interactive carbon stabilization, providing a microbiome-guided strategy for carbon sequestration and soilization in the bauxite residue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c18355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:51:04Z","timestamp":1788223864000},"page":"24764-24775","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ecological Restoration\nof the Soil-Like Function in\nthe Bauxite Residue: Natural Microbiomes Mediated Molecular Transformation\nof Dissolved Organic Matter"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]},{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aluminum Corporation of China Limited Guangxi Branch , ,","place":["Pingguo, China, 531499"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qishuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aluminum Corporation of China Limited Guangxi Branch , ,","place":["Pingguo, China, 531499"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aluminum Corporation of China Limited Guangxi Branch , ,","place":["Pingguo, China, 531499"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]},{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-1345","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]},{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2801-0238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shengguo","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]},{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, China, 410083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestengg.3c00205","article-title":"Stable aggregate formation and microbial diversity resilience in\nsoil formation of bauxite residue: Roles of extracellular polymeric\nsubstances secreted by Penicillium oxalicum","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Engineering"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02534","article-title":"Simple organic carbon sources and\nhigh diversity inocula\nenhance microbial bioneutralization of alkaline bauxite residues","volume":"55","author":"Santini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06901-z","article-title":"Green steel\nfrom red mud through climate-neutral hydrogen plasma reduction","volume":"625","author":"Jovic\u030cevic\u0301-Klug","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5537-9","article-title":"Novel predictors of soil genesis following natural\nweathering processes\nof bauxite residues","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Science and\nPollution Research"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139008","article-title":"Halving gypsum dose by Penicillium oxalicum on alkaline\nneutralization and microbial community reconstruction in bauxite residue","volume":"451","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60240-3","article-title":"Decomposing the molecular complexity and transformation\nof dissolved\norganic matter for innovative anaerobic bioprocessing","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s44296-023-00003-7","article-title":"\u201cReactive Mineral\nSink\u201d drives soil organic matter dynamics and stabilization","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Materials Sustainability"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-022-05773-y","article-title":"Organic amendments enhanced the humification degree\nin soil formation\nof bauxite residue","volume":"497","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39991-4","article-title":"Cooperative microbial\ninteractions drive spatial segregation in porous\nenvironments","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118326","article-title":"Insights into variations\non dissolved organic matter of bauxite residue\nduring soil-formation processes following 2-year column simulation","volume":"292","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c09766","article-title":"Tire wear\nparticles exposure enhances denitrification in soil by\nenriching labile DOM and shaping the microbial community","volume":"59","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.144963","article-title":"Metabolism of Penicillium oxalicum-mediated microbial\ncommunity reconstructed by nitrogen improves stable aggregate formation\nin bauxite residue: a field-scale demonstration","volume":"493","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11237","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02971","article-title":"Integrating\nmicrobial community assembly and fluid kinetics to decouple\nnitrogen dynamics in an urban channel confluence","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01055","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01055-23","article-title":"Microbial species pool-mediated diazotrophic community assembly in\ncrop microbiomes during plant development","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02430-2","article-title":"Cooperative interactions\nbetween seed-borne bacterial and air-borne\nfungal pathogens on rice","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-025-07371-0","article-title":"Soil functional microbes\ncan modify the plant functional diversity\nmainly through changing the plant functional traits of evergreen species\nin karst forests","volume":"513","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.09.050","article-title":"Soil function assessment\nin smelting sites: Conceptual evolution,\nmethodological advances, and future directions for sustainable land\nremediation","volume":"167","author":"Xue","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2025.106306","article-title":"Microbe-mediated denitrification\npromotes nitrogen loss in mining\nsoils contaminated with rare earth elements","volume":"213","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Soil Ecology"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4746","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05755","article-title":"Beyond energy balance:\nEnvironmental trade-offs of organics capture and low carbon-to-nitrogen\nratio sewage treatment systems","volume":"54","author":"Alvarado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2014.01.001","article-title":"Indicators and trade-offs of ecosystem services in\nagricultural soils along a landscape heterogeneity gradient","volume":"77","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied Soil Ecology"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15004","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03826","article-title":"Dissolved organic matter\nassociates with greenhouse gas emissions in Chinese rivers under diverse\nland uses","volume":"57","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17409","article-title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi attenuate\nnegative impact of drought on soil functions","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14482","article-title":"Pathways of mineral-associated soil\norganic matter formation: integrating the role of plant carbon source,\nchemistry and point of entry","volume":"25","author":"Sokol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Change\nBiology"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00181-18","article-title":"Machine learning\nreveals missing edges and putative\ninteraction mechanisms in microbial ecosystem networks","volume":"3","author":"DiMucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14859","article-title":"Conceptualizing\nsoil organic matter\ninto particulate and mineral-associated forms to address global change\nin the 21st century","volume":"26","author":"Lavallee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01972-24","article-title":"R. Nutrient amendments\nenrich microbial hydrocarbon degradation metagenomic\npotential in freshwater coastal wetland microcosm experiments","volume":"91","author":"Howland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.156022","article-title":"Low-cost dealkalization\nof bauxite residue by gypsum coordinated\nwith industrial iron salt: mineralogical mechanisms and field practice","volume":"499","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124689","article-title":"Appropriate human intervention stimulates the development\nof microbial\ncommunities and soil formation at a long-term weathered bauxite residue\ndisposal area","volume":"405","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16760","article-title":"Rhizosphere\ncontrol of soil nitrogen cycling: a key component of plant economic\nstrategies","volume":"228","author":"Henneron","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c07021","article-title":"Probing the phytosynthesis\nmechanism of gold and silver nanoparticles by sequential separation\nof plant extract and molecular characterization with ultra-high-resolution\nmass spectrometry","volume":"10","author":"Huo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16865","article-title":"Formation of soil organic\ncarbon pool is regulated by the structure\nof dissolved organic matter and microbial carbon pump efficacy","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60240-3","article-title":"Decomposing the molecular complexity and transformation of dissolved\norganic matter for innovative anaerobic bioprocessing","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.93","article-title":"Quantifying community\nassembly processes and identifying features\nthat impose them","volume":"7","author":"Stegen","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME Journal"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01800-z","article-title":"Microbiome-metabolite\nlinkages drive greenhouse gas dynamics over\na permafrost thaw gradient","volume":"9","author":"Freire-Zapata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17163","article-title":"The Ecology Underground\ncoalition: building a collaborative future\nof belowground ecology and ecologists","volume":"229","author":"Defrenne","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026090809065414900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18451-3","article-title":"The influence of soil\nage on ecosystem structure and function across\nbiomes","volume":"11","author":"Delgado-Baquerizo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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