{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:25:35Z","timestamp":1786465535366,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Research Fund of Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["11104225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11104225"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22276157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22276157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42430709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42430709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["SRFS2425-1S06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRFS2425-1S06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The widespread use of biodegradable plastics (BPs) has increased aquatic organisms\u2019 exposure to BP-derived microplastics (BMPs). Blood serves as both the primary site and critical transport system for MPs after crossing biological barriers, yet BMPs\u2019 barrier-crossing ability and risk under environmentally related concentration conditions remain unclear. Using an integrated bioimaging platform (electron microscopy, confocal imaging, and an activatable NIR-I\/II probe with near-infrared (NIR) imaging), this study investigated polylactic acid (PLA) and its photoaged form (UV-PLA) in zebrafish blood at 50\u2013500 \u03bcg\/L. We first demonstrated that PLA entered zebrafish circulation with a \u223c3 \u03bcm size threshold. In circulation, PLA interacted with blood cells, leading to oxidative stress in blood cells and redox imbalance plus tissue damage in the liver. The benchmark dose (BMD) model was developed to assess the dose\u2013response relationships of PLA and UV-PLA for different end points. The mean BMD value of UV-PLA (32.9 \u00b1 12.4 \u03bcg\/L) was lower than that of PLA (51.6 \u00b1 47.0 \u03bcg\/L), and notably, the derived BMDs were lower than the reported PLA level in highly polluted areas (e.g., 150 \u03bcg\/L), suggesting potential risks. This study provides in vivo evidence for the blood translocation and sublethal toxicity of PLA, emphasizing the need to develop sensitive end points and environmentally relevant testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c18381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:20:42Z","timestamp":1785849642000},"page":"21417-21428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infiltrating Biodegradable\nMicroplastics in Zebrafish\nBlood: From Size Barrier Penetration to Risk"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-4150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lanpeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong , , Hong Kong , ,","place":["Kowloon, China, 999077"]},{"name":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518057"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9033-0158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen-Xiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong , , Hong Kong , ,","place":["Kowloon, China, 999077"]},{"name":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518057"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026081110100286800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production, use, and fate of all\nplastics ever made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026081110100286800_cit2","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme.\n          ,  Zero Draft of the Plastics\nTreaty (UNEP\/PP\/INC.3\/4); United Nations\nEnvironment Programme, 2023. https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11822\/43239\/ZERODRAFT.pdf. Accessed on 2026\u201306\u201316."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026081110100286800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9915","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00876","article-title":"A Review\nof biodegradable plastics: chemistry, applications, properties, and\nfuture research needs","volume":"123","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081110100286800_cit4","unstructured":"European Bioplastics.\n          ,  Bioplastic Market Development\nUpdate 2024; European Bioplastics, 2024. https:\/\/www.european-bioplastics.org\/bioplastics-market-development-update-2024\/. Accessed on 2026\u201306\u201316."},{"key":"2026081110100286800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117832","article-title":"A review on the\noccurrence, detection methods, and ecotoxicity of biodegradable microplastics\nin the aquatic environment: New cause for concern","volume":"178","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6751","key":"2026081110100286800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adw9060","article-title":"Ecological risks\nof biodegradable plastics","volume":"388","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081110100286800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107244","article-title":"A review on the occurrence\nand influence\nof biodegradable microplastics in soil ecosystems: Are biodegradable\nplastics substitute or threat?","volume":"163","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081110100286800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c14716","article-title":"Exploring environmental\nbehaviors and health impacts of biodegradable microplastics","volume":"59","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081110100286800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.4c00209","article-title":"Photoaging promotes toxic micro\/nanoplastics\nrelease from PLA\/PBAT\nbiodegradable plastic in gastrointestinal condition","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081110100286800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8496","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c00716","article-title":"New evidence of microplastics in the lower respiratory\ntract: inhalation through smoking","volume":"57","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. 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Mol.\nSci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081110100286800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00973","article-title":"Novel near-infrared\nimaging unveils higher risk of\nbiodegradable microplastics on fish red blood cells at environmentally\nrelevant concentrations","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol.\nLett."},{"key":"2026081110100286800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2020.111333","article-title":"Erythrocytes as markers of oxidative\nstress related pathologies","volume":"191","author":"Massaccesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. 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