{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:25:10Z","timestamp":1786465510616,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increasing weather-driven disruptions to water supplies have raised growing concerns about the resilience of drinking water infrastructure and equitable access to safe drinking water during severe weather events. This study seeks to address gaps in evaluating and understanding the resilience of community water systems (CWSs) to severe weather events at regional scales, including both the physical infrastructure and population served. We developed an approach that combines boil water notice (BWN) occurrence and duration as a metric of CWS performance and bottled water sales to capture community response to water disruptions. We conducted multiple fixed-effects panel regressions to quantify relationships of these metrics to severe weather events and operational and sociodemographic characteristics using a statewide analysis of Texas, United States from 2010 to 2022. We found that small, publicly owned, and groundwater-sourced CWSs are most susceptible to BWNs. Winter weather and hurricanes significantly increased BWN duration by 1.6 and 1.1 days, respectively. During weather-driven BWNs, high-income counties had a significant increase in bottled water purchasing (+30.9%) while low-income counties did not exhibit a significant increase. This study provides a better understanding of differences in vulnerability of CWSs to weather events and the associated response of populations served at regional scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c18579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:02:37Z","timestamp":1785852157000},"page":"21648-21660","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Resilience\nof Drinking Water Systems\nto Severe Weather Events Using Boil Water Notices and Bottled Water\nSales"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Marlee","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Davenport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University , , , ,","place":["Fort Collins, Colorado, United States, 80523"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3583-9327","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Fakhreddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2024.102132","article-title":"Urban Water\nInfrastructure: A Critical Review on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation\nStrategies","volume":"58","author":"Ferdowsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Climate"},{"issue":"32","key":"2026081110093882100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16889","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c08174","article-title":"Disaster Preparedness and Perceptions\nof People Who Experienced Water Insecurity: Insights from the Lloyd\u2019s\nRegister Foundation\u2019s World Risk Poll","volume":"59","author":"Inwald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104417","article-title":"Tracking the Post-Disaster Evolution of Water Infrastructure\nResilience: A Study of the 2021 Texas Winter Storm","volume":"91","author":"Tiedmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit4","unstructured":"TCEQ.\n          . TCEQ Plan: After-Action Review of\nPublic Water Systems\nand Winter Storm Uri. https:\/\/www.tceq.texas.gov\/downloads\/publications\/gi\/gi-598.pdf (accessed 2025\u201309\u201316)."},{"issue":"04","key":"2026081110093882100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150022","DOI":"10.1142\/S2345737621500226","article-title":"Winter Storm Uri: A Test of Texas\u2019 Water Infrastructure\nand Water Resource Resilience to Extreme Winter Weather Events","volume":"08","author":"Glazer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. of Extr. Even."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110093882100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015003","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4505\/ad1bb8","article-title":"Temporal Public Perceptions and Experiences during\nWater Service Disruptions: The Case of Jackson, Mississippi","volume":"4","author":"Safarpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain."},{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit7","author":"America\u2019s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018.","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit8","volume-title":"Committee\non Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters; Committee\non Science, Engineering, and Public Policy; Policy and Global Affairs;\nNational Academies. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110093882100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00612","article-title":"A Stakeholder-Systems\nAnalysis of\nWater Provision in Rural Alaska","volume":"4","author":"LaPatin","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102077","article-title":"Investigating\nthe Technical Dimension of Water Supply Resilience to Disasters","volume":"56","author":"Balaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110093882100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00641","article-title":"Small Drinking Water\nUtilities\u2019 Resilience: The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Thelemaque","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784485163.042","article-title":"Water Utilities\nand Equity in Disasters: A Systematic Literature Review","volume-title":"ASCE Inspire 2023; American Society of Civil Engineers:\nArlington, Virginia","author":"Toland","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110093882100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-017-2792-8","article-title":"Infrastructure\nHazard Resilience\nTrends: An Analysis of 25 Years of Research","volume":"87","author":"Opdyke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit14","article-title":"National Occurrence\nand Causes of Boil Water Advisories in the United States Report to\nCongress","author":"U.S Environmental Protection Agency.","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit15","unstructured":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. 30 Tex. Admin.\n          . Code\n\u00a7 290.122: Public Drinking Water; Texas Administrative\nCode, Title 30, Part 1, Chapter 290. https:\/\/texas-sos.appianportalsgov.com\/rules-and-meetings?chapter=290&interface=VIEW_TAC&part=1&title=30 (accessed July 11, 2024)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110093882100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2020.1827540","article-title":"Boil Water Advisories\nas Risk Communication: Consistency\nbetween CDC Guidelines and Local News Media Articles","volume":"37","author":"O\u2019Shay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"key":"2026081110093882100_cit17","unstructured":"Reynolds, K.\n          \n          Boil\nWater Notices\nin the U.S. 2012\u20132014; Water Quality Research\nFoundation; Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona:\nTucson, AZ, 2016. https:\/\/www.vettersculliganwater.com\/content\/documents\/vetters\/boil-water-alerts.pdf (accessed August 10, 2025)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110093882100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3390\/w16030443","article-title":"Public Water Service Disruptions: A Descriptive Analysis\nof Boil Water Advisories","volume":"16","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081110093882100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00091","article-title":"Drinking Water Utility-Level Understanding\nof Climate Change Effects to System Reliability","volume":"3","author":"Lyle","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026081110093882100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9605","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01591","article-title":"Water Distribution System Failure\nRisks with Increasing Temperatures","volume":"52","author":"Bondank","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. 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