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The established association of these co-occurring compounds suggests important considerations for their respective biodegradation processes. Our kinetics and mechanistic studies demonstrated that individual solvents inhibited biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane in the following order: 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) &amp;gt; cis-1,2-diochloroethene (cDCE) &amp;gt; trichloroethene (TCE) &amp;gt; 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA). The presence of 5 mg L\u20131 1,1-DCE completely inhibited 1,4-dioxane biodegradation. Subsequently, we determined that 1,1-DCE was the strongest inhibitor of 1,4-dioxane biodegradation by bacterial pure cultures exposed to chlorinated solvent mixtures as well as in environmental samples collected from a site contaminated with chlorinated solvents and 1,4-dioxane. Inhibition of 1,4-dioxane biodegradation rates by chlorinated solvents was attributed to delayed ATP production and down-regulation of both 1,4-dioxane monooxygenase (dxmB) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldH) genes. Moreover, increasing concentrations of 1,1-DCE and cis-1,2-DCE to 50 mg L\u20131 respectively increased 5.0-fold and 3.5-fold the expression of the uspA gene encoding a universal stress protein. In situ natural attenuation or enhanced biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane is being considered for contaminated groundwater and industrial wastewater, so these results will have implications for selecting 1,4-dioxane bioremediation strategies at sites where chlorinated solvents are present as co-contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T10:48:24Z","timestamp":1470221304000},"page":"9599-9607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Biodegradation\nKinetics of 1,4-Dioxane in Chlorinated\nSolvent Mixtures"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Shu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip B.","family":"Gedalanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaily","family":"Mahendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090200571129300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1401-9","volume-title":"In Situ Remediation\nof Chlorinated Solvent Plumes","author":"Stroo","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026090200571129300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.211","article-title":"Implications\nof\nmatrix diffusion on 1,4-dioxane persistence at contaminated groundwater\nsites","volume":"562","author":"Adamson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090200571129300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6510","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00964","article-title":"Evidence of 1,4-dioxane\nattenuation at groundwater sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents\nand 1,4-dioxane","volume":"49","author":"Adamson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090200571129300_cit4","volume-title":"Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals,\nhydrazine and hydrogen peroxide","author":"IARC WOrking Group.","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090200571129300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.10.104","article-title":"The impact of chlorinated solvent\nco-contaminants on the biodegradation kinetics of 1,4-dioxane","volume":"91","author":"Mahendra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026090200571129300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.031","article-title":"Biodegradation\nof 1,4-dioxane: Effects\nof enzyme inducers and trichloroethylene","volume":"520","author":"Hand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090200571129300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-014-0841-2","article-title":"Transition metals and\norganic ligands influence biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane","volume":"173","author":"Pornwongthong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090200571129300_cit8","volume-title":"Environmental Investigation\nand Remediation: 1,4-Dioxane and Other Solvent Stabilizers","author":"Mohr","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090200571129300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1089\/109287503768335913","article-title":"Occurrence and treatment of 1,4-dioxane\nin aqueous environments","volume":"20","author":"Zenker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090200571129300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1039\/c2em30358b","article-title":"Characterizing the intrinsic bioremediation\npotential of 1, 4-dioxane and trichloroethene using innovative environmental\ndiagnostic tools","volume":"14","author":"Chiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. 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Biotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090200571129300_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0290(19970620)54:6&lt;520::AID-BIT3&gt;3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Cometabolism of\nchlorinated solvents by nitrifying bacteria: kinetics, substrate interactions,\ntoxicity effects, and bacterial response","volume":"54","author":"Ely","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biotechnol.\nBioeng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090200571129300_cit52","first-page":"99","article-title":"DNA single strand\nbreaks of perchloroethylene and its\nbio-degradation products by single cell gel electrophoresis assay\nin mammalian cell system","volume":"1","author":"Jeon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. 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