{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:06:42Z","timestamp":1790960802065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,14]],"date-time":"2017-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492128000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,14]],"date-time":"2017-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492128000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,14]],"date-time":"2017-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492128000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005781","name":"Koneen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human urine contains significant amounts of N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus); therefore it has been successfully used as fertilizer in different crops. But the use of urine as fertilizer has several constraints, such as, the high cost of transportation, an unpleasant smell, the risk of pathogens, and pharmaceutical residue. A combined and improved N stripping and P precipitation technique is used in this study. In this technique, Ca\u00ad(OH)2 is used to increase the pH of urine which converts ammonium into ammonia gas and precipitate P as Ca-P compound. The ammonia gas is stripped and passed into the sulfuric acid where ammonium sulfate and hydrogen triammonium disulfate is formed. The experiment was performed using 700 mL of urine and the pH of the urine was increased above 12. Our results showed that 85\u201399% of N and 99% of P (w\/w) can be harvested from urine in 28 h at 40 \u00b0C and in 32 h at 30 \u00b0C. The harvested N (13% N w\/w) and P (1.5% P w\/w) can be used as mineral fertilizer. The economic assessment of the technique showed that the extraction of N and P from 1 m3 of pure urine can make a profit of \u20ac2.25.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,14]],"date-time":"2017-04-14T12:42:57Z","timestamp":1492173777000},"page":"5165-5171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Nitrogen\nand Phosphorus Harvesting from Human Urine\nUsing a Stripping, Absorption, and Precipitation Process"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5613-1868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Surendra K.","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University , , P.O. Box 14100 ,","place":["AALTO, Finland, FI-00076"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Mikola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University , , P.O. Box 14100 ,","place":["AALTO, Finland, FI-00076"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riku","family":"Vahala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University , , P.O. Box 14100 ,","place":["AALTO, Finland, FI-00076"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit1","volume-title":"Guidelines\non the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production","author":"Jo\u0308nsson","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7250-2","volume-title":"Sustainable\nPhosphorus Management, A Global Transdisciplinary Roadmap","author":"Scholz","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081423123885400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2003.10.036","article-title":"Human excreta for plant production","volume":"96","author":"Heinonen-Tanski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081423123885400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8657","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0717891","article-title":"Use of human urine fertilizer in\ncultivation of cabbage\n(Brassica oleracea)- Impacts on chemical, microbial,\nand flavor quality","volume":"55","author":"Pradhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit5","volume-title":"Practical Guidance on\nthe Use of Urine in Crop Production","author":"Richert","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081423123885400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2013.036","article-title":"Assessing\nperceptions and willingness to use urine in agriculture: a case study\nfrom rural areas of eThekwini municipality, South Africa","volume":"3","author":"Okem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Water, Sanit. Hyg. Dev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081423123885400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-009-9220-5","article-title":"Knowledge\nand awareness of eco-sanitation in central\nNepal: a questionnaire survey","volume":"12","author":"Pradhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. develop.\nsustain."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081423123885400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.1021\/es0627693","article-title":"Screening method\nfor ecotoxicological\nhazard assessment of 42 pharmaceuticals considering human metabolism\nand excretory routes","volume":"41","author":"Lienert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.12.065","article-title":"Wood ash as a magnesium source for\nphosphorus recovery from source-separated urine","volume":"419","author":"Sakthivel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081423123885400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201100036","article-title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus\nrecovery from human urine by struvite precipitation and air stripping\nin Vietnam","volume":"39","author":"Antonini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clean: Soil, Air, Water"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081423123885400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.10.007","article-title":"Low-cost struvite\nproduction using source-separated urine in Nepal","volume":"45","author":"Etter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081423123885400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.09.025","article-title":"Characterization\nof induced struvite formation from source-separated urine using seawater\nand brine as magnesium sources","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit13","volume-title":"A Technological, Economic\nand Social Exploration of Phosphate Recovery from Centralised Sewage\nTreatment in a Transitioning Economy Context","author":"Mikosana","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081423123885400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.1021\/es401140s","article-title":"Looking Beyond\nStruvite for P-Recovery","volume":"47","author":"Hao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081423123885400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2013.853088","article-title":"Recovery of\nammonia in digestates of calf manure through\na struvite precipitation process using unconventional reagents","volume":"35","author":"Siciliano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081423123885400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.3390\/w5031262","article-title":"Recovery of\nN and P from urine by struvite precipitation followed by combined\nstripping with digester sludge liquid at full scale","volume":"5","author":"Morales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081423123885400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2006.0412","article-title":"Recovery of ammonia from human urine\nby stripping and absorption","volume":"24","author":"Basakcilardan-Kabakci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081423123885400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.4535","article-title":"Air stripping\nprocess for ammonia recovery from source-separated urine: modeling\nand optimization","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081423123885400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330409355443b","article-title":"Laboratory studies\non recovery of N and P from human urine through\nstruvite crystallisation and zeolite adsorption","volume":"25","author":"Ban","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2026081423123885400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2006.924","article-title":"Concentration of nutrients from urine and reject water\nfrom anaerobically digested sludge","volume":"54","author":"Ek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026081423123885400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2011.642896","article-title":"Chemical phosphorus removal: a clean\nstrategy for piggery wastewater management in Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081423123885400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(86)90205-8","article-title":"The initial\nphases of Calcium and\nMagnesium Phosphates precipitated from solutions of high to medium\nconcentrations","volume":"74","author":"Abbona","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit23","volume-title":"Aqueous Ammonia Equilibrium-\nTabulation of Percent Un-Ionized Ammonia","author":"Thurston","year":"1979"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081423123885400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00201-7","article-title":"Anaerobic digestion of swine manure:\nInhibition by ammonia","volume":"32","author":"Hansen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit25","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Transfer into the Gas\nPhase: Ammonia Stripping Transfer into the Gas Phase: Ammonia Stripping","author":"Siegrist","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2014.511097","article-title":"Pretreating stored human urine for\nsolar evaporation by low-technology Ammonia stripping","volume":"5","author":"Gulyas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Prot."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081423123885400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1139\/f75-274","article-title":"Aqueous Ammonia Equilibrium\nCalculations - Effect of pH and Temperature","volume":"32","author":"Emerson","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr41.c6","article-title":"Acid Mine Drainage\nControl and Treatment- Chapter 6","volume-title":"Reclamation\nof Drastically Disturbed Lands","author":"Skousen","year":"2000","edition":"2000"},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.03.007","article-title":"A novel\napproach for stabilizing fresh urine by calcium hydroxide addition","volume":"95","author":"Randall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit30","volume-title":"Perry\u2019s Chemical\nEngineers\u2019 Handbook","author":"Perry","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026081423123885400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.05.083","article-title":"Air stripping\nof ammonia in a water-sparged aerocyclone reactor","volume":"170","author":"Quan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081423123885400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2007.0641","article-title":"Removal of Phosphorus\nfrom Livestock Effluents","volume":"38","author":"Szogi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081423123885400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09508.x","article-title":"Effectiveness\nof high pH in controlling nitrification","volume":"94","author":"Skadsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\nAm. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit34","first-page":"2013","volume-title":"Ammonium Compounds, In Ullmann\u2019s Encyclopedia\nof Industrial Chemistry, Anonymous","author":"Zapp","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081423123885400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(97)00105-7","article-title":"Crystal structure\nand a new phase\ntransition of (ND4)(3)\u00adD\u00ad(SO4)(2) in high temperature phase","volume":"98","author":"Fukami","year":"1997","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081423123885400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.642","article-title":"Evaluation of the role\nof inherent Ca2+ in phosphorus removal from\nwastewater system","volume":"73","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081423123885400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.03.033","article-title":"Effects of liming on\nchemical properties of soil, needle nutrients and growth of Scots\npine transplants","volume":"262","author":"Saarsalmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2015.06.012","article-title":"Tillage system and lime application\nin a tropical region: Soil chemical fertility and corn yield in succession\nto degraded pastures","volume":"155","author":"Tiritan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081423123885400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.01.026","article-title":"The behaviour\nof pharmaceuticals\nand heavy metals during struvite precipitation in urine","volume":"41","author":"Ronteltap","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081423123885400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04353.x","article-title":"Survival of\nenteric bacteria and\ncoliphage MS2 in pure human urine","volume":"107","author":"Chandran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl.\nMicrobiol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026081423123885400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7909","DOI":"10.1021\/es050659a","article-title":"Inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs\nby ammonia","volume":"39","author":"Pecson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081423123885400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.11.4009-4014.1994","article-title":"Destruction\nof Gram-Negative Food-Borne\nPathogens by High Ph Involves Disruption of the Cytoplasmic Membrane","volume":"60","author":"Mendoca","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081423123885400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.03.011","article-title":"Recovery of ammonia\nfrom poultry litter using flat gas permeable membranes","volume":"33","author":"Rothrock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"2026081423123885400_cit44","first-page":"43.1","article-title":"Metals and minerals,\nLime statistics and information","volume-title":"Minerals\nYear Book","author":"Miller","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6b05402","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/51\/9\/5165\/6811841\/es6b05402.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/51\/9\/5165\/6811841\/es6b05402.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T13:27:05Z","timestamp":1786800425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/51\/9\/5165\/685430\/Nitrogen-and-Phosphorus-Harvesting-from-Human"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,14]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6b05402","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,14]]}}}