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This review addresses identification of individual organic contaminants in FPW, and stresses the gaps in the knowledge on FPW composition that exist so far. Furthermore, the risk quotient approach was applied to predict the toxicity of the quantified organic compounds for fresh water organisms in recipient surface waters. This resulted in an identification of a number of FPW related organic compounds that are potentially harmful namely those compounds originating from shale formations (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates), fracturing fluids (e.g., quaternary ammonium biocides, 2-butoxyethanol) and downhole transformations of organic compounds (e.g., carbon disulfide, halogenated organic compounds). Removal of these compounds by FPW treatment processes is reviewed and potential and efficient abatement strategies are defined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T08:06:51Z","timestamp":1491379611000},"page":"4740-4754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":231,"title":["Organic\nPollutants in Shale Gas Flowback and Produced\nWaters: Identification, Potential Ecological Impact, and Implications\nfor Treatment Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-0271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrii","family":"Butkovskyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University , , P.O. Box 17, ,","place":["Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6700 AA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Bruning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University , , P.O. Box 17, ,","place":["Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6700 AA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan A.E.","family":"Kools","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KWR Watercycle Research Institute , P.O. Box 1072, ,","place":["Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, 3430 BB"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huub H.M.","family":"Rijnaarts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University , , P.O. Box 17, ,","place":["Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6700 AA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie P.","family":"Van Wezel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KWR Watercycle Research Institute , P.O. Box 1072, ,","place":["Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, 3430 BB"]},{"name":"Utrecht University , , P.O. Box 80.115, ,","place":["Utrecht, The Netherlands, 3508 TC"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090303282717700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.05.002","article-title":"Shale gas:\nAnalysis of its role in the global energy market","volume":"37","author":"Melikoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev."},{"issue":"7364","key":"2026090303282717700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/477271a","article-title":"Natural gas: Should fracking stop?","volume":"477","author":"Howarth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090303282717700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.04.068","article-title":"Cornucopia\nor curse? 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