{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:44:08Z","timestamp":1789616648373,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007487","name":"BASF Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007487","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["955334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["955334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030829","name":"Nestl?","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Standard polymer biodegradability tests in industrial compost rely on running incubations at high initial polymer concentrations and exclusively determining polymer mineralization to carbon dioxide, while not analyzing the nonmineralized fraction of polymer-added carbon. This work presents an approach that combines the use of 13C-labeled polyesters in compost incubations to selectively track both mineralized and nonmineralized polyester 13C at low initial polyester concentrations with analysis of residual polyester during the incubations by compost solvent extraction coupled to proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Incubations with 13C-labeled poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene sebacate-co-terephthalate) (PBSeT) at low initial concentrations exhibited shorter initial lag-phases and higher relative rates of mineralization as compared to parallel standard incubations run at high initial concentrations of nonlabeled PBAT and PBSeT, suggesting that the latter used polyester amounts in excess of the metabolic capacity of the compost microbial community. Mass balance assessment on polyester-added 13C over the incubations confirmed accurate 13C tracking in both mineralized and nonmineralized pools, despite low initial polyester concentrations. Extraction of residual 13C-labeled and nonlabeled polyesters revealed substantial incorporation of polyester carbon into microbial biomass during compost incubations. Biodegradability tests that exclusively rely on mineralization measurements may therefore underestimate polymer biodegradation in compost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c00032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T08:19:26Z","timestamp":1784794766000},"page":"21190-21200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biodegradation of 13C-Labeled and\nNonlabeled Aliphatic\u2013Aromatic Polyesters in Compost: Advancing\nAssessments through Combined Respirometry and Residual Polyester Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7504-7653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Flora","family":"Wille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zu\u0308rich , , ,","place":["Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9717-0369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin","family":"Kleemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zu\u0308rich , , ,","place":["Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zu\u0308rich , , ,","place":["Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madalina","family":"Jaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zu\u0308rich , , ,","place":["Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano M.","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zu\u0308rich , , ,","place":["Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Kleyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Socie\u0301te\u0301 des Produits Nestle\u0301 S.A. , ,","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Ciccarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Socie\u0301te\u0301 des Produits Nestle\u0301 S.A. , ,","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Socie\u0301te\u0301 des Produits Nestle\u0301 S.A. , ,","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland, 1000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai O.","family":"Siegenthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE , , ,","place":["Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany, 67056"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Worch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE , , ,","place":["Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany, 67056"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glauco","family":"Battagliarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE , , ,","place":["Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany, 67056"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ku\u0308nkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE , , ,","place":["Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany, 67056"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3383-2041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zu\u0308rich , , ,","place":["Zu\u0308rich, Switzerland, 8092"]},{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , , U\u0308berlandstrasse 133 , ,","place":["Du\u0308bendorf, Switzerland, 8600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080409304872200_cit1","unstructured":"European Commission: Directorate-General for Environment, Eunomia; Favoino, E.; Geest Jakobsen, L.; Hann, S.. Relevance of\nBiodegradable and Compostable Consumer Plastic Products and Packaging\nin a Circular Economy, 2020. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2779\/497376."},{"key":"2026080409304872200_cit2","unstructured":"Science Advice for Policy by European Academies.\n          .  Biodegradability\nof Plastics in the Open Environment, 202010.26356\/biodegradabilityplastics."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026080409304872200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6170","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c00801","article-title":"Roadmap to Biodegradable Plastics\u2500Current State\nand Research Needs","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"37","key":"2026080409304872200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19966","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c03099","article-title":"Biodegradation of Synthetic\nAliphatic-Aromatic Polyesters in Soils: Linking Chemical Structure\nto Biodegradability","volume":"59","author":"Nelson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080409304872200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-025-05729-z","article-title":"Ductile Polylactic\nAcid\/Poly(Butylene Sebacate-Co-Terephthalate) Blends: From Structures\nto Properties","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080409304872200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051133","article-title":"Solid State Polymerization\nof Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Sebacate-Co-Terephthalate):\nA Rapid, Facile Method for Property Enhancement","volume":"15","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080409304872200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102389","article-title":"Synthesis,\nCharacterization and Properties of Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Sebacate-Co-Terephthalate)","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026080409304872200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2016.11.013","article-title":"Biodegradability and Biocompatibility\nof Copoly(Butylene Sebacate-Co-Terephthalate)s","volume":"135","author":"Heidarzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. 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Standard Test Method for Determining\nAerobic Biodegradation of Plastic\nMaterials Under Controlled Composting Conditions, Incorporating Thermophilic\nTemperatures., ASTM D5338-15(2021), 2021. https:\/\/store.astm.org\/d5338-15r21.html (accessed 2024-12-02)."},{"key":"2026080409304872200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/12_2023_163","article-title":"Polymer Biodegradability 2.0:\nA Holistic View on Polymer Biodegradation in Natural and Engineered\nEnvironments","volume-title":"Synthetic Biodegradable and\nBiobased Polymers","author":"Sander","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026080409304872200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(00)00084-5","article-title":"Review of\nMechanisms and Quantification\nof Priming Effects","volume":"32","author":"Kuzyakov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026080409304872200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020498209463","article-title":"Priming Effect\nas Determined by Adding 14C-Glucose to Modified Controlled Composting\nTest","volume":"13","author":"Tuomela","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biodegradation"},{"key":"2026080409304872200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.4.1428-1430.1996","article-title":"Priming Effect of Substrate\nAddition in Soil-Based\nBiodegradation Tests","volume":"62","author":"Shen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. 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Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080409304872200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c08707","article-title":"Temperature\nDependence of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate)\nBiodegradation in Agricultural Soils","volume":"60","author":"Laszakovits","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026080409304872200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.08.031","article-title":"Biodegradable Green\nComposites from Bioethanol Co-Product and Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)","volume":"43","author":"Muniyasamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Industrial Crops and Products"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080409304872200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.001","article-title":"Studies on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis\nof Polyesters. II. 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Stab."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080409304872200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aas9024","article-title":"Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers in Soils: Tracking\nCarbon into CO2 and Microbial Biomass","volume":"4","author":"Thomas Zumstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science\nAdvances"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080409304872200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12113","article-title":"Carbon Use Efficiency\nof Microbial Communities: Stoichiometry, Methodology and Modelling","volume":"16","author":"Sinsabaugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026080409304872200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-15-5929-2018","article-title":"Reviews and Syntheses: Carbon Use\nEfficiency from Organisms to Ecosystems \u2013 Definitions, Theories,\nand Empirical Evidence","volume":"15","author":"Manzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2026080409304872200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inteam\/vjaf139","article-title":"Developing a Weight-of-Evidence\nMethodology for Persistence Assessment of Substances in the Environment","author":"Hughes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026080409304872200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11476","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c00994","article-title":"Knowledge Gaps in Polymer Biodegradation Research","volume":"55","author":"Albright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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