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Adoption of BWtE systems can close nutrient loops, produce renewable energy, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and foster local economic and climate resilience. Here, we review anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and gasification as potential BWtE technology options to serve as part of a circular economy. Prioritizing local, context-specific solutions can provide environmental and societal benefits, driving the transition to a more sustainable and regenerative energy future. Additionally, we provide a case study on the Lower Eastern Shore of Maryland, USA, to illustrate how local agriculture and waste management practices can be integrated into BWtE systems at a regional level in the face of environmental challenges, such as saltwater intrusion. These practices generate energy and create nutrient byproducts that can benefit local stakeholders and economies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c01363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:01:20Z","timestamp":1789070480000},"page":"26043-26051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Circular Economy\nApproach for Nutrient Redistribution\nand Renewable Energy Production"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3384-1252","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shaylan","family":"Kolodney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9368-7926","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Cumming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Eastern Shore , , , ,","place":["Princess Anne, Maryland, United States, 21853"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9169-3823","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Lansing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Ecology LLC , , ,","place":["Portland, Oregon, United States, 97214"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Burnstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila B. R.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marccus D.","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon F.","family":"Custer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]},{"name":"University of Maryland Eastern Shore , , , ,","place":["Princess Anne, Maryland, United States, 21853"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Schulenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nate","family":"Spicer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafian","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahmi","family":"Dwilaksono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Eastern Shore , , , ,","place":["Princess Anne, Maryland, United States, 21853"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Tully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105693","article-title":"Towards a circular nutrient economy.\nA novel way to analyze the circularity of nutrient flows in food systems","volume":"172","author":"Harder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2020.102813","article-title":"Manuresheds:\nAdvancing nutrient recycling in\nUS agriculture","volume":"182","author":"Spiegal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-02-2019-0049","article-title":"Waste to energy and circular economy:\nthe case of anaerobic digestion","volume":"33","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Enterp.\nInf. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210092430400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JG005684","article-title":"Phosphorus\nInventory for the Conterminous United States (2002\u20132012)","volume":"126","author":"Sabo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGR Biogeosci."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2024.109034","article-title":"Management\nstrategies for reducing phosphorus levels in saltwater-intruded agricultural\nfields","volume":"370","author":"Schulenburg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric., Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1002\/saj2.20694","article-title":"Implications\nof current soil phosphorus levels for manureshed analysis in North\nCarolina","volume":"88","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit7","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Maryland Animal Waste\nTechnology Assessment and Strategy Planning Report","author":"Lansing","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit8","unstructured":"Felton, G.; Lansing, S.; Moss, A.; Klavon, K.\n          Anaerobic Digestion: basic Processes\nfor Biogas (FS-994)\n          University of Maryland\nExtension\n          https:\/\/extension.umd.edu\/resource\/anaerobic-digestion-basic-processes-biogas-fs-994 Accessed 03 November 2025."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit9","unstructured":"Hassanein, A.; Lansing, S.; Delp, D.\n          Using Thermochemical Processes to\nHandle Agricultural Waste (FS-2023\u20130688)\n          University of Maryland Extension. https:\/\/extension.umd.edu\/resource\/using-thermochemical-processes-handle-agricultural-waste-fs-2023-0688\/ Accessed 06 January 2026."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91149-8.00010-7","article-title":"Chapter 7 - Co-digestion\nprocesses of waste: status and perspective","volume-title":"Bio-Based Materials and Waste for Energy Generation and Resource\nManagement","author":"Rajlakshmi","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit11","unstructured":"Schmidt, A.; Stowell, R.\n          Do digesters affect the\nnutrient content of manure?\n          UNL Water\n          Nebraska. 2024https:\/\/water.unl.edu\/article\/animal-manure-management\/do-digesters-affect-nutrient-content-manure\/ Accessed 25 May 2026."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121862","article-title":"Life cycle assessment\nand nutrient balance for five\ndifferent treatment methods for poultry litter","volume":"267","author":"Nusselder","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-0172-6","article-title":"Comprehensive review on production\nand utilization of biochar","volume":"1","author":"Panwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118655","article-title":"Effects of\ndifferent feedstocks-based biochar on soil remediation: a review","volume":"294","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1515\/psr-2021-0068","article-title":"Anaerobic digestion\nfundamentals, challenges, and technological\nadvances","volume":"8","author":"Uddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Sci. 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Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101549","article-title":"Biogas: Production,\nproperties, applications, economic and challenges: A review","volume":"7","author":"Jameel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-018-00546-0","article-title":"Biogas production from organic waste: recent progress\nand perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Atelge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03623-2","article-title":"Reduction of tar, sulfur,\nchlorine and CO2 in syngas\nproduced by gasification of refuse-derived fuel pellets","volume":"15","author":"Korita\u0301r","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11490","DOI":"10.3390\/app132011490","article-title":"Experimental\nstudy on properties of syngas, tar, and\nbiochar derived from different gasification methods","volume":"13","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.3390\/su17177806","article-title":"Biomass pyrolysis pathways\nfor renewable energy and\nsustainable resource recovery: a critical review of processes, parameters,\nand product valorization","volume":"17","author":"Ungureanu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-01-0319","article-title":"Combined heat and power through\nbiomass\u2500an overview","volume-title":"SAE 2011 World\nCongress & Exhibition","author":"Shukla","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103546","article-title":"Effect of nutrient\nremoval and resource recovery on life cycle cost and environmental\nimpacts of a small scale water resource recovery facility","volume":"10","author":"Morelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"070007","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0005864","article-title":"From biomass to syngas,\nfuels and chemicals \u2013\nA review","volume":"2225","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.130511","article-title":"The review\nof power generation from integrated biomass gasification and solid\noxide fuel cells: current status and future directions","volume":"360","author":"Abouemara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.136537","article-title":"Biomass gasification\nin an industrial-scale\nentrained flow gasifier and effects of various parameters on gasification\nperformance: An approach based on numerical models","volume":"405","author":"Das","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2026.101107","article-title":"Advances, challenges, and future\ndirections in biomass gasification: A critical review of feedstock,\nreactor designs, and process optimization","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem.\nEng. J. Adv."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.02.004","article-title":"Combined\nheat and power from the intermediate pyrolysis\nof biomass materials: performance, economics and environmental impact","volume":"191","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-026-03419-6","article-title":"Conversion of municipal\nbiowaste into value-added products\ntoward a circular bioeconomy: bridging the gap between laboratory-scale\nand full-scale implementation","volume":"28","author":"Cerda\u0301n","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clean Technol.\nEnviron. 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Sustainable Dev."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2134\/asaspecpub67.c1","article-title":"Animal manure production and\nutilization: impact of modern concentrated animal feeding operations","volume-title":"Animal Manure: production, Characteristics, Environmental\nConcerns, and Management","author":"Pagliari","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2022.101186","article-title":"Evaluation and life\ncycle assessment of a poultry litter anaerobic digester with nutrient\ncapture","volume":"19","author":"Hassanein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. 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Consumption"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00063-8","article-title":"Economics\nfor people and planet\u2500moving beyond\nthe neoclassical paradigm","volume":"6","author":"Brand-Correa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12745","article-title":"Linking industrial\necology and ecological economics: a theoretical and empirical foundation\nfor the circular economy","volume":"23","author":"Bruel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138050","article-title":"Social and\nsolidarity economy insights for the circular economy: Limited-profit\nand sufficiency","volume":"418","author":"Villalba-Eguiluz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13734","article-title":"Informing\ndecision-making with Indigenous and local\nknowledge and science","volume":"57","author":"Wheeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit45","first-page":"77","article-title":"The\njustice of environmental justice: Reconciling equity, recognition,\nand participation in a political movement","volume-title":"Moral and Political Reasoning in Environmental Practice","author":"Schlosberg","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2007.54.3.343","article-title":"Racial inequality in\nthe distribution of hazardous waste: a national-level\nreassessment","volume":"54","author":"Mohai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-082508-094348","article-title":"Environmental\njustice","volume":"34","author":"Mohai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit48","first-page":"427","article-title":"Advocacy and pluralism\nin planning","volume-title":"Readings and Planning Theory","author":"Davidoff","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/01944368208976535","article-title":"A retrospective\nview of equity planning Cleveland 1969\u20131979","volume":"48","author":"Krumholz","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X20946416","article-title":"From racial\nto reparative planning: confronting the white side of planning","volume":"44","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/01944368008977043","article-title":"Critical theory\nand planning practice","volume":"46","author":"Forester","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2018.1559388","article-title":"A ladder\nof citizen participation","volume":"85","author":"Arnstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit53","volume-title":"Progress Report: Phosphorus\nManagement Tool Transition Advisory Committee","author":"Hogan","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1597","article-title":"Hotspot of accelerated sea-level\nrise on the Atlantic coast of North America","volume":"2","author":"Sallenger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit55","unstructured":"Sea Level Trends - NOAA Tides & Currents. https:\/\/tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov\/sltrends\/sltrends.html Accessed 26 May 2026."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biz027","article-title":"B.The invisible\nflood:\nthe chemistry, ecology, and social implications of coastal saltwater\nintrusion","volume":"69","author":"Tully","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-023-01186-6","article-title":"The spread\nand cost of saltwater intrusion in the US Mid-Atlantic","volume":"6","author":"Mondal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Sustainability"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2004.11.004","article-title":"Soil carbon\nunder\nswitchgrass stands and cultivated cropland","volume":"28","author":"Liebig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2006.0152","article-title":"Switchgrass\nand soil carbon sequestration\nresponse to ammonium nitrate, manure, and harvest frequency on conservation\nreserve program land","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-008-9019-5","article-title":"Soil carbon storage\nby switchgrass grown for bioenergy","volume":"1","author":"Liebig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioenergy\nRes."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2015.02.029","article-title":"Simulated biomass, environmental impacts and best management\npractices for long-term switchgrass systems in a semi-arid region","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit62","unstructured":"Montoya, R.; Cloyd, N.; Moss, A.\n          Unpublished\nData from Farm-Scale Poultry\nLitter Digester Operation: 2017\u20132025."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit63","unstructured":"FindEnergy.\n          \n          Energy Provider Facts And Statistics. Find Energyhttps:\/\/findenergy.com\/use-our-data\/ Accessed 23 April 2025."},{"key":"2026092210092430400_cit64","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Administration.\n          \n          EIA releases\nconsumption and expenditures data from the Residential Energy Consumption\nSurvey. 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