{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:46:03Z","timestamp":1788367563561,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013031","name":"Environment Protection Authority Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013031","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101154781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101154781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP200100832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP200100832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) impairs avian reproduction and development, yet uptake and elimination pathways in birds remain poorly resolved. To better understand these processes, we quantified PFAS in whole blood (n = 124) from adult and juvenile house sparrows (Passer domesticus) at 16 urban-industrial sites. Dietary pathways were traced using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen from feathers (n = 66). At our most contaminated site, we recaptured individuals across eight months to assess seasonal trends in PFAS burdens. We found that exposure to perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) was highest near fire training areas, while perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were highest near oil production facilities. PFOS, PFDoA, and PFTeDA were higher in juveniles than adults, and females exhibited lower PFNA, PFUdA, and PFTeDA than males, consistent with maternal transfer of PFAS into eggs. Young fledglings showed tightly clustered, depleted \u03b413C values (\u221222.9 \u00b1 0.8\u2030) compared to adults (\u221218.9 \u00b1 3.6\u2030), indicating selective invertebrate provisioning as another source of early life exposure. In recaptured juveniles, \u2211PFCAs and \u2211PFSAs declined throughout development (0.43\u20131.25% per day). This enabled estimation of compound-specific elimination half-lives, which ranged from 29 days (PFBS) to 91 days (PFNA). Adults showed slower elimination rates. Our findings indicate pronounced early life vulnerability to PFAS exposure in terrestrial birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:43:48Z","timestamp":1781502228000},"page":"20770-20780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early\nLife Uptake and Elimination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl\nSubstances in a Seasonally Invertivorous Bird"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9873-3488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Max M","family":"Gillings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University , , , ,","place":["Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2109"]},{"name":"Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science , Macleod , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6162-850X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phoebe","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science , Macleod , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University , , , ,","place":["Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2109"]},{"name":"University of Valencia , , ,","place":["Valencia, Spain, 46980"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Leeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeder Analytical , Fairfield , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3078"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9632-8611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minna","family":"Saaristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science , Macleod , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7598-9982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark Patrick","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University , , , ,","place":["Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2109"]},{"name":"Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science , Macleod , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3085"]},{"name":"the Environment and Water , , , ,","place":["Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia, 2150"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon C","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie University , , , ,","place":["Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409310886000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2688-8319.12292","article-title":"Profiling research\non PFAS in wildlife: Systematic evidence map and bibliometric analysis","volume":"5","author":"Vendl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Solut. Evid."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118229","article-title":"Extraordinary levels\nof per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in vertebrate animals\nat a New Mexico desert oasis: Multiple pathways for wildlife and human\nexposure","volume":"249","author":"Witt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.007","article-title":"Perfluoroalkylated acids in the eggs of great tits\n(Parus major) near a fluorochemical plant in Flanders, Belgium","volume":"228","author":"Groffen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140791","article-title":"Background\nconcentrations and spatial distribution\nof PFAS in surface waters and sediments of the greater Melbourne area,\nAustralia","volume":"349","author":"Paige","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409310886000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-012-2759-x","article-title":"Contamination by perfluorinated compounds\nin water near waste recycling and disposal sites in Vietnam","volume":"185","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026080409310886000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20155-8","article-title":"Occurrence characteristics and health\nrisk assessment of per- and\npolyfluoroalkyl substances from water in residential areas around\nfluorine chemical industrial areas, China","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"48","key":"2026080409310886000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20249","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06944","article-title":"Characterizing the Movement of Per-\nand Polyfluoroalkyl\nSubstances in an Avian Aquatic-Terrestrial Food Web","volume":"57","author":"Hopkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080409310886000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4935","article-title":"PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans\nand Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding","volume":"40","author":"De Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12090660","article-title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances\nin the Duluth, Minnesota Area: Exposure to and Biomarker Responses\nin Tree Swallows Relative to Known Fire-Fighting Foam Sources","volume":"12","author":"Custer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409310886000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-013-9934-0","article-title":"Exposure and Effects\nof Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Tree Swallows Nesting in Minnesota\nand Wisconsin, USA","volume":"66","author":"Custer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.180687","article-title":"Multiple stressors\nand reproductive success of tree swallows: Perfluoroalkyl acids, chemical\nmixtures, and ecological factors","volume":"1005","author":"Hopkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080409310886000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-018-1571-z","article-title":"Insectivorous birds\nconsume an estimated 400\u2013500 million tons of prey annually","volume":"105","author":"Nyffeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080409310886000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150552","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0552","article-title":"A call\nfor full annual cycle research in animal ecology","volume":"11","author":"Marra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142346","article-title":"Maternal transfer\nof per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wild birds: A systematic\nreview and meta-analysis","volume":"361","author":"Ricolfi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.10.011","article-title":"Comparative tissue\nand body compartment accumulation\nand maternal transfer to eggs of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and carboxylates\nin Great Lakes herring gulls","volume":"162","author":"Gebbink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169084","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl\nsubstances (PFAS) in little penguins and associations with urbanisation\nand health parameters","volume":"912","author":"Wells","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080409310886000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00451K","article-title":"Ecotoxicology of persistent\norganic pollutants in birds","volume":"23","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.:Processes\nImpacts"},{"issue":"5\u20137","key":"2026080409310886000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2011.578560","article-title":"Neuroendocrine impacts\nof endocrine-disrupting chemicals\nin birds: life stage and species sensitivities","volume":"14","author":"Ottinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Toxicol Environ. Health B Crit Rev."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148513","article-title":"Assessment\nof regional and temporal\ntrends in per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances using the Oriental Magpie\n(Pica serica) in Korea","volume":"793","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026080409310886000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10028","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c00946","article-title":"House Sparrows\nas Sentinels of Childhood Lead Exposure","volume":"58","author":"Gillings","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119236","article-title":"Blood lead increases\nand haemoglobin decreases in urban birds along a soil contamination\ngradient in a mining city","volume":"257","author":"Gillings","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122314","article-title":"Spatial\nextent and age-related bioaccumulation of fluoride in the bones of\nhouse sparrows around aluminium smelting operations","volume":"285","author":"Gillings","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit26","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biology of the Ubiquitous\nHouse Sparrow: From Genes to Populations","author":"Anderson","year":"2007"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080409310886000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.023911","article-title":"Developmental adjustments\nof house sparrow (Passer domesticus)nestlings to diet composition","volume":"212","author":"Brze\u0327k","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit28","first-page":"2022","volume-title":"Department\nof Defence PFAS Management Area Plan-RAAF Williams (Laverton)","year":"2022"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026080409310886000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13388","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03299","article-title":"Distribution of Novel and Well-Known\nPoly- and Perfluoroalkyl\nSubstances (PFASs) in Human Serum, Plasma, and Whole Blood","volume":"51","author":"Poothong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129908","article-title":"Distribution of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl\nsubstances and their precursors in human blood","volume":"441","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176790","article-title":"Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl\nsubstances (PFAS) do not accumulate with age or affect population\nsurvival in ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres)","volume":"955","author":"Ross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409310886000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz097","article-title":"High-Throughput UHPLC-MS\/MS Measurement\nof Per- and Poly-Fluorinated Alkyl Substances in Human Serum","volume":"44","author":"Mottaleb","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409310886000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12165","article-title":"Comparison of methods for stable\nisotope ratio (\u03b413C, \u03b415N, \u03b42H, \u03b418O) measurements\nof feathers","volume":"5","author":"Bontempo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409310886000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects\nModels Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080409310886000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear\nMixed Effects Models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit36","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V.\n          .  emmeans:\nEstimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080409310886000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","article-title":"mice: Multivariate\nImputation by Chained Equations\nin R","volume":"45","author":"Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409310886000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01","article-title":"Regularization\nPaths for Generalized\nLinear Models via Coordinate Descent","volume":"33","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat.\nSoftw"},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123443","article-title":"Lead\nexposure is related to higher infection rate with the gapeworm in\nNorwegian house sparrows (Passer domesticus)","volume":"344","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409310886000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-019-00620-1","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl\nContaminant Exposure and Effects in\nTree Swallows Nesting at Clarks Marsh, Oscoda, Michigan, USA","volume":"77","author":"Custer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080409310886000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2006.11.014","article-title":"PFOS levels in the\nblood and liver of a small insectivorous songbird near a fluorochemical\nplant","volume":"33","author":"Dauwe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026080409310886000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15883","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05705","article-title":"Influences of Chemical Properties,\nSoil Properties,\nand Solution pH on Soil-Water Partitioning Coefficients of Per- and\nPolyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)","volume":"54","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409310886000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.09.011","article-title":"Highly elevated\nlevels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorinated acids\nfound in biota and surface water downstream of an international airport,\nHamilton, Ontario, Canada","volume":"39","author":"de Solla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168438","article-title":"Hepatic concentrations\nof per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in dolphins from south-east\nAustralia: Highest reported globally","volume":"908","author":"Foord","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130124","article-title":"Source allocation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl\nsubstances (PFAS) with supervised machine learning: Classification\nperformance and the role of feature selection in an expanded dataset","volume":"275","author":"Kibbey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167008","article-title":"Bioaccumulation,\ntissue distributions, and maternal\ntransfer of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) in laying hens","volume":"905","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080409310886000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2017.05.001","article-title":"Early life exposure\nto per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): A critical review","volume":"3","author":"Winkens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerging Contam."},{"key":"2026080409310886000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.11.026","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl\nsubstances detected in the world\u2019s southernmost marine mammal,\nthe Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)","volume":"197","author":"Routti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409310886000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04575-y","article-title":"Integrated\nbehavioural and stable isotope data reveal altered diet linked to\nlow breeding success in urban-dwelling blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus)","volume":"7","author":"Pollock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409310886000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aps3.11486","article-title":"Stable\nisotope mixing models demonstrate the role of an invasive plant in\nwetland songbird food webs","volume":"10","author":"Wigginton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026080409310886000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15273","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8210","article-title":"Can diet composition\nestimates using stable isotope\nanalysis of feathers predict growth and condition in nestling mountain\nbluebirds (Sialia currucoides)?","volume":"11","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409310886000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1953-2","article-title":"PFOS mediates immunomodulation in\nan avian cell line that can be mitigated via a virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Castan\u0303o-Ortiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet. 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