{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:44:21Z","timestamp":1792784661901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22120260446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22120260446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)","award":["10040166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10040166"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001aqnf71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Commission (Horizon Europe Framework Programme)","award":["101058522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101058522"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Construction and demolition waste (CDW) offers opportunities for decarbonization, dematerialization, and economic gains through high-value-added circular management. Yet, most of this material is downcycled. This study assesses different CDW circularity strategies in the EU27 + 4 from 2010 to 2050. Results show that continuing current trends in waste management could reduce cumulative carbon emissions by \u223c2 Gt CO2-eq, material use by \u223c24 Gt, and costs by \u223c\u20ac680 billion compared with virgin material use. Implementing advanced circularity measures could further reduce emissions by 38\u201348%, material use by 7\u20138%, and costs by 21%. Germany, the UK, France, and Italy contribute over 70% of these benefits due to their large building stocks. While metals represent only 6% of CDW mass, they drive up to 90% of decarbonization and economic value; minerals enable over 70% of dematerialization across all scenarios. Clean energy transitions may reduce circular economy's carbon advantage as primary production also decarbonizes. Coordinated policies integrating data, technology, incentives, and holistic targets are essential to realize systemic circularity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:50:04Z","timestamp":1788375004000},"page":"25515-25529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Decarbonization,\nDematerialization, and Economic Gains\nin Circular Economy for Construction and Demolition Waste Management\nin Europe"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1729-8515","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chunbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]},{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 6BT"]},{"name":"Leiden University , , ,","place":["Leiden, Netherlands, 2300 RA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2072-2962","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6097-2088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rupert J.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., SW7 2AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Stegemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 6BT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511122770400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crsus.2025.100609","article-title":"Aligning Circular Economy and Low-Carbon\nEconomy for a Sustainable Built Environment","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Sustain."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit2","unstructured":"Circle Economy.\n          .  The Circularity Gap Report\n2025: Amsterdam, 2025. https:\/\/www.circularity-gap.world\/2025."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit3","unstructured":"Dijksma, S. A. M.; Kamp, H. G. J.\n          A circular\neconomy in the Netherlands by 2050. https:\/\/www.government.nl\/documents\/policy-notes\/2016\/09\/14\/a-circular-economy-in-the-netherlands-by-2050 (accessed June 15, 2025)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511122770400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13346","article-title":"Lessons, Narratives,\nand Research Directions for a Sustainable Circular Economy","volume":"27","author":"Leipold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit5","unstructured":"EC.\n          . Construction and Demolition Waste. https:\/\/environment.ec.europa.eu\/topics\/waste-and-recycling\/construction-and-demolition-waste_en#:~:text=Constructionanddemolitionwaste(CDW,%2Cglass%2Cmetalsandplastic). (accessed April 29, 2025)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit6","unstructured":"EC.\n          . Directive 2008\/98\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council\nof 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (Text\nwith EEA relevance). https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098 (accessed April 13, 2018)."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091511122770400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.10.021","article-title":"Circular Construction:\nSix Key Recommendations","volume":"6","author":"Tukker","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121718","article-title":"Upgrading Construction and Demolition\nWaste Management from Downcycling to Recycling in the Netherlands","volume":"266","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511122770400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62442-1","article-title":"Revealing\nthe Interplay between Decarbonisation, Circularity, and Cost-Effectiveness\nin Building Energy Renovation","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit10","unstructured":"EC.\n          . A new Circular Economy Action Plan:\nFor a cleaner and more competitive\nEurope. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN (accessed Aug 10, 2021)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511122770400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1162\/jiec.1998.2.3.15","article-title":"Indicators\nof Dematerialization and the Materials Intensity of Use","volume":"2","author":"Cleveland","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026091511122770400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806099105","article-title":"Dematerialization: Variety, Caution, and Persistence","volume":"105","author":"Ausubel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511122770400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1162\/1088198043630432","article-title":"Dematerialization:\nNot Just a Matter of Weight","volume":"8","author":"van der Voet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511122770400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9290.2012.00523.x","article-title":"Toward a Low Carbon-Dematerialization\nSociety","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141063","article-title":"Methods to Estimate\nthe Circular Economy Rebound Effect: A Review","volume":"443","author":"Lowe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13076","article-title":"Do Material Efficiency Improvements\nBackfire?: Insights from an Index Decomposition Analysis about the\nLink between CO2 Emissions and Material Use for Austria","volume":"25","author":"Plank","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.108","article-title":"Does Material\nCircularity Rhyme with Environmental\nEfficiency? Case Studies on Used Tires","volume":"183","author":"Lonca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean.\nProd."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit18","unstructured":"UNFCCC.\n          .  The Paris Agreement, 2018. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/documents\/184656."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511122770400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01435-8","article-title":"Strategies\nto Achieve a Carbon Neutral\nSociety: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit20","unstructured":"IPCC.\n          .  Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate\nChange. Contribution\nof Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental\nPanel on Climate Change: Cambridge, UK\/New\nYork, USA, 2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511122770400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00690-8","article-title":"Increased\nCarbon Footprint of Materials Production Driven by Rise in Investments","volume":"14","author":"Hertwich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit22","unstructured":"UNEP.\n          .  Global Waste Management Outlook 2024: Beyond\nan Age of\nWast-Turning Rubbish into a Resource; Nairobi, 2024. https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/global-waste-management-outlook-2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091511122770400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13137","article-title":"Material Efficiency\nfor Climate Change Mitigation","volume":"25","author":"Masanet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit24","unstructured":"Circle Economy.\n          .  The Circularity Gap Report\n2026, 2026. https:\/\/dashboard.circularity-gap.world\/report\/2026\/cgr-2026-summary."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091511122770400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13122","article-title":"A Comprehensive\nSet of Global Scenarios\nof Housing, Mobility, and Material Efficiency for Material Cycles\nand Energy Systems Modeling","volume":"25","author":"Fishman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13023","article-title":"Linking\nService Provision to Material\nCycles: A New Framework for Studying the Resource Efficiency\u2013Climate\nChange (RECC) Nexus","volume":"25","author":"Pauliuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511122770400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26212-z","article-title":"Global Greenhouse\nGas Emissions from Residential and Commercial Building Materials and\nMitigation Strategies to 2060","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511122770400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25300-4","article-title":"Global Scenarios of Resource and\nEmission Savings from Material Efficiency in Residential Buildings\nand Cars","volume":"12","author":"Pauliuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13205","article-title":"Regional Circular Economy\nof Building\nMaterials: Environmental and Economic Assessment Combining Material\nFlow Analysis, Input-Output Analyses, and Life Cycle Assessment","volume":"26","author":"Meglin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026091511122770400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12674","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08703","article-title":"High-Resolution Mapping of Material\nStocks in Belgian Road Infrastructure: Material Efficiency Patterns,\nMaterial Recycling Potentials, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction\nOpportunities","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"December 2020","key":"2026091511122770400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105767","article-title":"Climate and Resource\nFootprint Assessment and Visualization of Recycled Concrete for Circular\nEconomy","volume":"174","author":"Mostert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour., Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.06.023","article-title":"Eco-Efficiency\nAssessment of Technological\nInnovations in High-Grade Concrete Recycling","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour., Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.02.073","article-title":"Construction\nand Demolition Waste Management \u2013\na Holistic Evaluation of Environmental Performance","volume":"107","author":"Dahlbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168295","article-title":"Environmental and Socio-Economic\nEffects of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling in the European\nUnion","volume":"908","author":"Caro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.07.011","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Construction\nand Demolition Waste Management","volume":"44","author":"Butera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"issue":"October 2022","key":"2026091511122770400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2022.10.035","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Material\nFootprint in Recycling: A Case of Concrete Recycling","volume":"155","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit37","unstructured":"IEA.\n          .  Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global\nEnergy Sector, 2021. https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027\/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit38","unstructured":"PBL.\n          .  Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment\n(IMAGE)\n3.2; 2021. https:\/\/models.pbl.nl\/image\/index.php\/Welcome_to_IMAGE_3.2_Documentation."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit39","unstructured":"Eurostat.\n          . Substance Oriented Waste Statistical\nNomenclature\n(EWC-Stat Rev. 4), Substance Oriented Waste Statistical\nNomenclature (EWC-Stat Rev.,4)&text = Description%3A,hazardous\nand Non-hazardous Waste. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/web\/eu-vocabularies\/dataset\/-\/resource?uri=http:\/\/publications.europa.eu\/resource\/dataset\/ewc4#:~:text=Asset. (accessed June 30, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit40","unstructured":"EC.\n          . List of NACE Codes. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/competition\/mergers\/cases\/index\/nace_all.html (accessed July 08, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit41","unstructured":"Deloitte.\n          . Study on Resource Efficient Use of Mixed Wastes:\nImproving Management of Construction and Demolition Waste (Final Report); 2017. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/78e42e6c-d8a6-11e7-a506-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit42","volume-title":"Construction and Demolition Waste Management\nin Finland","author":"Deloitte.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511122770400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s44296-025-00092-6","article-title":"Collection and Reporting of Waste Data to Support Waste\nManagement Policies","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Mater. Sustainability"},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2024.110387","article-title":"TRIPI: A Global Dataset and Codebase of the Total Resources\nin Physical Infrastructure Encompassing Road, Rail, and Parking","volume":"54","author":"van Engelenburg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Data Bri."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2013.11.011","article-title":"Sustainable Roadway\nConstruction Using Recycled Aggregates\nwith Geosynthetics","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit46","unstructured":"Defra.\n          . Waste Data Interrogator, 2021. https:\/\/www.data.gov.uk\/dataset\/d8a12b93-03ef-4fbf-9a43-1ca7a054479c\/2021-waste-data-interrogator (accessed April 13, 2023)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit47","unstructured":"INERIS.\n          . Industrial installations discharging pollutants\n(Installations industrielles rejetant des polluants). https:\/\/www.georisques.gouv.fr\/donnees\/bases-de-donnees\/installations-industrielles-rejetant-des-polluants (accessed Dec 06, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit48","unstructured":"Danish EPA.\n          .  Waste Statistics, 2020. https:\/\/mst.dk\/publikationer\/2022\/december\/affaldsstatistik-2020."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit49","unstructured":"MITECO.\n          . PRTR Waste Statistics. https:\/\/prtr-es.es\/informes\/descargasResiduos.aspx (accessed\nDec 06, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit50","unstructured":"Eurostat.\n          . Total length of railway lines. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/TTR00003\/default\/table?lang=en&category=rail.rail_if (accessed Aug 25, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit51","unstructured":"EAPA.\n          . Asphalt in Figures. https:\/\/eapa.org\/asphalt-in-figures-archive\/?utm_source=SOME&utm_medium=EAPA&utm_campaign=MARCH (accessed Aug 15, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arm, M.; Wik, O.; Engelse, C. J.; Erlandsson, M.; Sundqvist, J.-O.; Oberender, A.; Hjelmar, O.; Wahlstro\u0308m, M.\n          ENCORT-CDW: Evaluation of the European\nRecovery Target for Construction and Demolition Waste, 2014. https:\/\/norden.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A724760&dswid=-1755.","DOI":"10.6027\/NA2014-916"},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit53","unstructured":"EC.\n          . 2001\/118\/EC: Commission Decision\nof 16 January 2001 amending Decision\n2000\/532\/EC as regards the list of waste. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/429c2c5d-9be3-11e4-872e-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en (accessed Jan 10, 2026)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit54","volume-title":"Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment of Construction\nand Demolition Waste Management in the","author":"JRC.","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit55","unstructured":"Eurostat.\n          .  Guidance on Classification of Waste According to EWC-Stat\nCategories, 2010. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/documents\/342366\/351806\/Guidance-on-EWCStat-categories-2010.pdf\/0e7cd3fc-c05c-47a7-818f-1c2421e55604."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit56","unstructured":"Eurostat.\n          . Treatment of Waste by Waste Category,\nHazardousness\nand Waste Management Operations. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/env_wastrt__custom_12571340\/default\/table?lang=en (accessed Aug 17, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit57","unstructured":"GCB.\n          .  Zero Avoidable Waste in Construction: What Do We Mean by\nIt and How Best to Interpret It, 2020. https:\/\/www.constructionleadershipcouncil.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/ZAW-Report-Final-Draft-25-February-2020.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091511122770400_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-016-9661-7","article-title":"How Does the\nEuropean Recovery Target for Construction & Demolition Waste Affect\nResource Management?","volume":"8","author":"Arm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.02.007","article-title":"Analysis of\nWaste Hierarchy in the European Waste Directive 2008\/98\/EC","volume":"39","author":"Gharfalkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.004","article-title":"The Marker Quantification of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2:\nA Middle-of-the-Road Scenario for the 21st Century","volume":"42","author":"Fricko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit61","unstructured":"IPCC.\n          .  IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, 2022. https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/assessment-report\/ar6\/."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit62","unstructured":"ISO.\n          .  ISO 14044:Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Requirements\nand Guidelines-Amendment 2: Geneva, 2020."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit63","unstructured":"IPCC.\n          .  2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis.\nWorking Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021. https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/downloads\/report\/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FrontMatter.pdf."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2018.01.028","article-title":"Measuring\nMaterial Efficiency: A\nReview of the Historical Evolution of Indicators, Methodologies and\nFindings","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resour., Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091511122770400_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/resources8020061","article-title":"Measuring Product Material\nFootprint as New Life Cycle\nImpact Assessment Method: Indicators and Abiotic Characterization\nFactors","volume":"8","author":"Mostert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resources"},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit66","unstructured":"European Central Bank.\n          .  Cost of Borrowing for Corporations\n- Euro\nArea, Euro Area (Changing Composition), Monthly, 2025. https:\/\/data.ecb.europa.eu\/data\/datasets\/MIR\/MIR.M.U2.B.A2I.AM.R.A.2240.EUR.N."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511122770400_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.checir.2026.100013","article-title":"Enhancing\nUptake of Secondary Raw Materials in the Construction Sector through\nReuse and Recycling","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Circ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511122770400_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2012.34","article-title":"Will Metal Scarcity Impede Routine\nIndustrial Use?","volume":"37","author":"Graedel","year":"2012","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit69","unstructured":"EC.\n          . Regulation (EU) 2024\/1252 of the European Parliament\nand of the Council\nof 11 April 2024 establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and\nsustainable supply of critical raw materials and amending Regulations\n(EU) No 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, (EU) 2018\/17. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1252\/oj\/eng (accessed Sep 15, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susmat.2024.e00832","article-title":"Critical Raw\nMaterials in the Global High-Throughput Ceramic Industry","volume":"39","author":"Garci\u0301a-Ten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit71","unstructured":"USGS.\n          . Minerals Yearbook-Metals and Minerals. https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/national-minerals-information-center\/minerals-yearbook-metals-and-minerals (accessed Sep 01, 2025)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit72","volume-title":"Mechanical Engineer\u2019s\nData Handbook","author":"Carvill","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit73","unstructured":"EuRIC.\n          . Metal Recycling Factsheet. https:\/\/circulareconomy.europa.eu\/platform\/en\/knowledge\/metal-recycling-factsheet-euric (accessed July 15, 2026)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit74","unstructured":"EEA.\n          . Circular material use rate in Europe. https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/en\/analysis\/indicators\/circular-material-use-rate-in-europe#:~:text=AlthoughtheEU\u2019sCMURhas,consumptionhasremainedratherstable (accessed March 15, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511122770400_cit75","unstructured":"Defra.\n          . Mandatory Digital Waste Tracking. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/digital-waste-tracking-service\/mandatory-digital-waste-tracking (accessed July 08, 2024)."},{"issue":"March","key":"2026091511122770400_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112311","article-title":"PRospective EnvironMental Impact\nAsSEment (Premise):\nA Streamlined Approach to Producing Databases for Prospective Life\nCycle Assessment Using Integrated Assessment Models","volume":"160","author":"Sacchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c02401","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/36\/25515\/67864915\/acs.est.6c02401.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/36\/25515\/67864915\/acs.est.6c02401.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:52:21Z","timestamp":1789487541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/36\/25515\/5371450\/Decarbonization-Dematerialization-and-Economic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c02401","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]}}}