{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:12:28Z","timestamp":1788437548177,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,8,17]],"date-time":"2027-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1818460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AI192873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI192873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI192873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI192873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000121","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-2316809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-2316809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000121","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-2325146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-2325146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000121","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-2421257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-2421257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000121","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-2421258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-2421258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000121","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-2421260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-2421260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008902","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Norovirus is a leading cause of gastroenteritis globally, yet its true infection burden in the community remains poorly understood because of widespread asymptomatic transmission and underreporting. Wastewater-based surveillance is a promising approach for tracking infection trends, but methods for mechanistically linking wastewater viral concentrations to infection dynamics remain limited. Here, we developed a mechanistic SEIR-V framework to infer community-level norovirus transmission dynamics from wastewater data by jointly modeling disease transmission, viral-shedding kinetics, and wastewater viral load. We leveraged temporal fecal shedding data from a controlled human challenge study and systematic literature review to parametrize symptom-specific shedding profiles and integrate them into the framework. Applied to wastewater data from four treatment plants in El Paso, Texas, the model showed consistent agreement between out-of-sample predictions and observed wastewater viral load across sewersheds while generating model-inferred temporal infection dynamics across disease compartments. Sensitivity analysis further showed that wastewater viral load was influenced by transmission, shedding, and viral loss parameters, whereas inferred infection dynamics were primarily influenced by the transmission rate and infectious duration. This work provides a mechanistic wastewater modeling framework to infer norovirus transmission dynamics and could support proactive public health surveillance, particularly for pathogens with high asymptomatic transmission and limited clinical reporting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:01:53Z","timestamp":1787014913000},"page":"23736-23749","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Wastewater-based\nModeling Framework for Inferring\nNorovirus Transmission Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jinze","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhvani","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tin","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States, 87545"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Brozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University , , , ,","place":["Tempe, Arizona, United States, 85281"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Technological University , , , ,","place":["Southfield, Michigan, United States, 48075"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Balliew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El Paso Water Utility , , ,","place":["El Paso, Texas, United States, 79925"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina D.","family":"Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77030"]},{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University , , , ,","place":["Tempe, Arizona, United States, 85281"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-3550","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fuqing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77030"]},{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00884-2","article-title":"A Narrative Review of Norovirus Epidemiology, Biology,\nand Challenges to Vaccine Development","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"issue":"39","key":"2026090307131585500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400625","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.39.2400625","article-title":"Increased Circulation\nof GII.17 Noroviruses, Six European Countries and the United States,\n2023 to 2024","volume":"29","author":"Chhabra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.11.008","article-title":"Capturing Norovirus\nTransmission","volume":"22","author":"de Graaf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307131585500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit620","article-title":"Determination of the 50% Human Infectious\nDose for\nNorwalk Virus","volume":"209","author":"Atmar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307131585500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21237","article-title":"Norwalk Virus: How\nInfectious Is It?","volume":"80","author":"Teunis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307131585500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143759","article-title":"Vomiting\nas a Symptom and Transmission\nRisk in Norovirus Illness: Evidence from Human Challenge Studies","volume":"11","author":"Kirby","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307131585500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122811","article-title":"Norovirus: An Overview\nof Virology\nand Preventative Measures","volume":"14","author":"Winder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit8","unstructured":"How Norovirus Spreads | Norovirus; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/norovirus\/causes\/index.html (accessed Feb 18, 2025)."},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\n          . Norovirus.\nNorovirus. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/norovirus\/index.html (accessed Feb 18, 2025)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307131585500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151219","article-title":"Global\nEconomic Burden of Norovirus Gastroenteritis","volume":"11","author":"Bartsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01144-9","article-title":"Norovirus Replication, Host Interactions\nand Vaccine Advances","volume":"23","author":"Prasad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307131585500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pis134","article-title":"Challenges to Estimating\nNorovirus Disease Burden","volume":"2","author":"Yen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect.\nDis. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307131585500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010130","article-title":"Eight Years of Norovirus\nSurveillance in Urban Wastewater: Insights from Next-Generation","volume":"17","author":"Bonanno Ferraro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026090307131585500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18202-x","article-title":"Norovirus\nDetection in Wastewater and Its Correlation\nwith Human Gastroenteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307131585500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00103","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00103-22","article-title":"Wastewater-Based\nSurveillance as a Tool for Public Health Action: SARS-CoV-2 and Beyond","volume":"37","author":"Parkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122152","article-title":"Piloting Wastewater-Based Surveillance\nof Norovirus in England","volume":"263","author":"Walker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307131585500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00592-4","article-title":"Human Norovirus (HuNoV)\nGII RNA in\nWastewater Solids at 145 United States Wastewater Treatment Plants:\nComparison to Positivity Rates of Clinical Specimens and Modeled Estimates\nof HuNoV GII Shedders","volume":"34","author":"Boehm","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ.\nEpidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307131585500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-017-9316-2","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance\nfor Noroviruses in Selected South African Wastewaters 2015\u20132016:\nEmergence of the Novel GII.17","volume":"10","author":"Mabasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Environ.\nVirol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307131585500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000198","article-title":"Norovirus\nGII Wastewater Monitoring for Epidemiological Surveillance","volume":"3","author":"Ammerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Water"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307131585500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4990","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.4c00611","article-title":"Tracking Norovirus\nin Tri-County Detroit, MI, Using Wastewater Testing, Syndromic Data,\nand Online Publicly Available Sources","volume":"4","author":"Guzman","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS EST\nWater"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307131585500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02638-5","article-title":"Detection of Human\nNoroviruses in Sewage by next Generation Sequencing in Shandong Province,\n2019\u20132021","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.054","article-title":"Detection of Norovirus Epidemic Genotypes\nin Raw Sewage Using next Generation Sequencing","volume":"123","author":"Fumian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307131585500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0047-8","article-title":"Emerging Recombinant\nNoroviruses Identified by Clinical and Waste Water Screening","volume":"7","author":"Lun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307131585500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-024-09611-5","article-title":"Long Amplicon\nNanopore Sequencing for Dual-Typing RdRp and VP1 Genes of Norovirus\nGenogroups I and II in Wastewater","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Environ.\nVirol."},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123803","article-title":"In-Depth Comparison\nof Untargeted\nand Targeted Sequencing for Detecting Virus Diversity in Wastewater","volume":"283","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169334","article-title":"Estimation\nof Norovirus Infections\nin Japan: An Application of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Enteric\nDisease Assessment","volume":"912","author":"Shrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118610","article-title":"Back-Estimation of Norovirus Infections\nthrough Wastewater-Based\nEpidemiology: A Systematic Review and Parameter Sensitivity","volume":"219","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307131585500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e874","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00230-8","article-title":"COVID-19\nWastewater Epidemiology:\nA Model to Estimate Infected Populations","volume":"5","author":"McMahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet\nPlanet. Health"},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159326","article-title":"Simple SEIR-V Model\nto Estimate COVID-19 Prevalence and Predict SARS-CoV-2 Transmission\nUsing Wastewater-Based Surveillance Data","volume":"857","author":"Phan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307131585500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21734","article-title":"Wastewater-Based\nSurveillance Models for COVID-19: A Focused Review on Spatio-Temporal\nModels","volume":"9","author":"Torabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2022.100560","article-title":"A Wastewater-Based\nEpidemic Model for SARS-CoV-2 with Application to Three Canadian Cities","volume":"39","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307131585500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400274X","article-title":"Shedding of Norovirus\nin Symptomatic\nand Asymptomatic Infections","volume":"143","author":"Teunis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090307131585500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.080117","article-title":"Norwalk\nVirus Shedding after Experimental\nHuman Infection","volume":"14","author":"Atmar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307131585500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23905","article-title":"Disease Course and\nViral Shedding in Experimental Norwalk Virus and Snow Mountain Virus\nInfection","volume":"86","author":"Kirby","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4205-y","article-title":"Norovirus Shedding among Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Employees in\nOutbreak Settings in Shanghai, China","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect.\nDis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307131585500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1086\/591627","article-title":"High Prevalence of Prolonged Norovirus\nShedding and Illness among Hospitalized Patients: A Model for In Vivo\nMolecular Evolution","volume":"198","author":"Siebenga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307131585500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071541","article-title":"Significantly Longer\nShedding of Norovirus Compared to Rotavirus and Adenovirus in Children\nwith Acute Gastroenteritis","volume":"15","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307131585500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.12.016","article-title":"Duration of Norovirus Excretion and the Longitudinal\nCourse of Viral Load in Norovirus-Infected Elderly Patients","volume":"75","author":"Aoki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307131585500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106284","article-title":"Revealing Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Emergence and Evolution\nUsing RBD Amplicon Sequencing of Wastewater","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307131585500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.04.011","article-title":"Molecular\nAnalysis of an Oyster-Related Norovirus Outbreak","volume":"45","author":"Nenonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307131585500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.180126","article-title":"Human Norovirus\nReplication in Human Intestinal Enteroids as Model to Evaluate Virus\nInactivation","volume":"24","author":"Costantini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307131585500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0199-4","article-title":"Norovirus\nEncounters in the Gut: Multifaceted Interactions\nand Disease Outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2026090307131585500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2013.12.002","article-title":"Fitting Outbreak\nModels to Data from Many Small Norovirus Outbreaks","volume":"6","author":"O\u2019Dea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"37","key":"2026090307131585500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.053","article-title":"Modelling\nNorovirus Transmission\nand Vaccination","volume":"36","author":"Gaythorpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307131585500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000496","article-title":"Heterogeneity\nin Norovirus Shedding Duration Affects Community Risk","volume":"141","author":"Milbrath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307131585500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000247102.04997.e0","article-title":"Prolonged Norovirus Shedding in Infants\n\u2264 6\nMonths of Age With Gastroenteritis","volume":"26","author":"Murata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr.\nInfect. Dis. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307131585500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1086\/341408","article-title":"Natural History of\nHuman Calicivirus Infection: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"35","author":"Rockx","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307131585500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12772","article-title":"Norovirus in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Individuals:\nCytokines and Viral Shedding","volume":"184","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. 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