{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:16:26Z","timestamp":1789488986777,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"Capital Power Exchange Center project","award":["SGTYHT\/23-WT-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGTYHT\/23-WT-008"]}]},{"name":"National Social Science Fund Major Project","award":["24ZDA093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZDA093"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As a hard-to-abate sector and an industrial backbone, the iron and steel industry involves a low-carbon transition that is crucial for China to achieve green growth and emission reduction targets. This study developed an innovative integrated iron&amp;steel assessment model (IIAM), combining technology-choice modules with bottom-up technological analysis and top-down macroeconomic simulation to conduct low-carbon transition pathway analysis. In comparison with a carbon-reduction scenario in which reducing CO2 emissions relies on scaling down production and constrained economic growth, the planned national iron and steel industry development pathway has advantages in technological progress and structural adjustments. To realize potentially greater synergistic energy\u2013environmental\u2013economic benefits, two sets of substitutive low-carbon transition pathways are proposed on the basis of forward-looking technologies and production processes reformation. Among key technology deployment pathways, increasing scrap utilization is the preferred option, and hydrogen metallurgy excels in cleaning the energy mix. Production process reformation pathways can further unlock the potential for carbon mitigation, air-pollution control, resource use, and economic growth, yet they involve cost increases. The short-term strategy should prioritize existing long-process retrofitting, whereas the long-term transition should focus on scrap utilization, hydrogen-based metallurgy, and more breakthrough technological innovations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:24:36Z","timestamp":1788452676000},"page":"25397-25412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Strengthening\nKey\nTechnologies versus Process Reformations:\nA Comparison of the Low-Carbon Transition Pathways of China\u2019s\nIron and Steel Industry"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6317-8840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yifan","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-8180","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xianqiang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISDI Chongqing Environmental Consulting Co. Ltd , No. 1 Saidi Road, Jinyu Avenue, Liangjiang New Area , ,","place":["Chongqing, P. R. China, 401122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongpeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaenhaer","family":"Duman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091511120381300_cit1","volume-title":"World\nenergy outlook 2022","author":"IEA.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511120381300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.3390\/su15032215","article-title":"Study on Embodied\nCO2 Emissions and Transfer Pathways of Chinese Industries","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026091511120381300_cit3","unstructured":"WSA.\n          \n          World steel in figures 2024. https:\/\/worldsteel.org\/data\/world-steel-in-figures\/world-steel-in-figures-2024 (Accessed June 23, 2025)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511120381300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2021.02.018","article-title":"Low-carbon\nproduction of iron and steel: Technology\noptions, economic assessment, and policy","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2026091511120381300_cit5","unstructured":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.\n          \n          2022.  The\nimplementation plan for carbon peak in the industrial\nsector. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2022-08\/01\/content_5703910.htm (Accessed July 7, 2022)."},{"key":"2026091511120381300_cit6","unstructured":"NDRC.\n          \n          2024.  Action Plan for Energy\nConservation and Carbon Reduction in the Steel Industry. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/202406\/content_6956307.htm (Accessed May, 27, 2024)."},{"key":"2026091511120381300_cit7","unstructured":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.\n          \n          2022.  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