{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:48:16Z","timestamp":1791917296080,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012180","name":"South Australian Grain Industry Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["USA121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USA121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils","award":["4.S.006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4.S.006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Herbicides that remain in soil long after their application can be toxic to organisms and crops sown in subsequent cycles. However, quantifying the bioavailability and potential toxicity of herbicide residues across different soil types remains problematic. In this study, we evaluated the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for measuring potentially bioavailable imazamox (IMX) residues in six different soil types from southern Australia. Soils were spiked with IMX (1 to 360 \u03bcg IMX kg\u20131) and incubated for 28 days. Following incubation, a root elongation test was conducted to assess IMX residue toxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Calibre), and herbicide residue concentrations were quantified using DGT (CDGT) and a solvent extraction technique. Solvent-extractable IMX concentrations were highest in the Sodosol, followed by Tenosol, Vertosol, Chromosol, Dermosol, and Calcarosol for IMX-spiked concentrations between 5 and 180 \u03bcg kg\u20131. Furthermore, dose-response analysis between wheat root elongation, CDGT, and solvent-extractable IMX demonstrated that DGT was a more consistent predictor of IMX residue toxicity for all soil types tested. Overall, this study demonstrates that the DGT technique is an effective tool for establishing soil toxicity thresholds across diverse soil types and for elucidating relationships between bioavailable herbicide residues and phytotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:02:30Z","timestamp":1790798550000},"page":"29006-29017","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diffusive\nGradients in Thin-Films (DGT) as a Predictor\nof Herbicide Residue Bioavailability and Phytotoxicity across Contrasting\nSoil Types"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Aralappanavar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University , , Mawson Lakes, , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5095"]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils , , ,","place":["Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia, 2308"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey L.","family":"Doolette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University , , Mawson Lakes, , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-1225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Binoy","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University , , Mawson Lakes, , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6457-145X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils , , ,","place":["Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia, 2308"]},{"name":"Southern Cross University , , , ,","place":["East Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, 2480"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Donnellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University , , , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Solutions , , ,","place":["Hindmarsh, South Australia, Australia, 5007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8493-2208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University , , , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3384-0375","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enzo","family":"Lombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide University , , Mawson Lakes, , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101310162598300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2018.01.007","article-title":"Assessment of yield\nand economic losses in agriculture due to weeds in India","volume":"107","author":"Gharde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"2026101310162598300_cit2","volume-title":"Cost of established pest\nanimals and weeds to control Australian agricultural producers","author":"Ahmed Hafi","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310162598300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002","article-title":"Update on the environmental and economic\ncosts associated with alien-invasive species in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Pimentel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. 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Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310162598300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3180.2002.00261.x","article-title":"Influence of soil pH-sorption\ninteractions on the carry-over of fresh and aged soil residues of\nimazamox","volume":"42","author":"Bresnahan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"key":"2026101310162598300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149594","article-title":"Bioavailability\nand toxicity of imazethapyr in maize plant estimated by four chemical\nextraction techniques in different soils","volume":"801","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"key":"2026101310162598300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.221","article-title":"Assessing plant-available\nglyphosate in contrasting soils by diffusive gradient in thin-films\ntechnique (DGT","volume":"646","author":"Weng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310162598300_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138A","DOI":"10.1021\/es032402n","article-title":"Peer reviewed:\nNonextractable pesticide residues in soil","volume":"37","author":"Gevao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310162598300_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198456070945","article-title":"Non-extractable\npesticide residues in soils and plants","volume":"56","author":"Roberts","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pure\nAppl. 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