{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:50:29Z","timestamp":1791910229753,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P42ES013661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P42ES013661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Attaching aerobic, PCB-degrading cells to carbon-based sorbent materials prior to sediment application is a feasible approach for bioaugmenting contaminated sediments to improve remediation strategies. Furthermore, encapsulation of attached cells with a novel, tailored sol\u2013gel material can protect biofilms from unfavorable environmental conditions that interfere with biofilm stability and create stress that threatens long-term biofilm viability. We systematically evaluated biodegradation and sorption of three PCB congeners (PCBs 4, 18, and 52), quantified biphenyl dioxygenase gene (bphA) abundance and expression, and characterized sol\u2013gel and biofilm integrity of sol\u2013gel-coated PCB-degrading biofilms on black carbon over 45 days under environmentally relevant conditions. Sol\u2013gel coatings did not significantly inhibit PCB sorption to the black carbon, and sol\u2013gel-coated biofilms achieved 72\u201392% PCB removal within 45 days, comparable to uncoated biofilms (&amp;gt;91%). Although PCB biodegradation rates in uncoated biofilms were &amp;gt;5-fold higher than sol\u2013gel-coated biofilms, sol\u2013gel-coated biofilms maintained &amp;gt;2-fold higher bphA expression levels than uncoated biofilms after 45 days of treatment. Lower temperature (10 \u00b0C) decreased PCB biodegradation extent regardless of sol\u2013gel coating but significantly increased (10-fold higher) bphA expression levels in sol\u2013gel-coated biofilms. Salinity (20 g\/L) negatively impacted bphA expression levels (&amp;gt;13-fold lower after 45 days) for all treatments. Our novel sol\u2013gel design demonstrates dual benefits: to sorb PCBs from the environment to biofilms and provide carbon sources for PCB cometabolism, thereby protecting and supporting biofilms for potential extended activity in future field applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:02:18Z","timestamp":1790344938000},"page":"28886-28898","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sol\u2013Gel-Encapsulated\nBiofilms on Biochar Effectively\nDegrade PCBs and Extend Biodegradation Activity under Environmentally\nRelevant Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6566-2919","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qin","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , 4105 Seamans Center , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]},{"name":"University of Iowa , , 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9441-6287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weilun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , 4105 Seamans Center , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]},{"name":"University of Iowa , , 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0572-1494","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andres","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , 4105 Seamans Center , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]},{"name":"University of Iowa , , 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7898-2900","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel F.","family":"Marek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , 4105 Seamans Center , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]},{"name":"University of Iowa , , 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3478-3221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keri C.","family":"Hornbuckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , 4105 Seamans Center , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]},{"name":"University of Iowa , , 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0881-5381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xueshu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-927X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Lehmler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7746-0297","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory H.","family":"LeFevre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , 4105 Seamans Center , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]},{"name":"University of Iowa , , 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-6668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Mattes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , 4105 Seamans Center , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]},{"name":"University of Iowa , , 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"2026101310165303500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00102-09","article-title":"Dehalococcoides\u201d\nsp. strain CBDB1 extensively dechlorinates the commercial\npolychlorinated biphenyl mixture Aroclor 1260","volume":"75","author":"Adrian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6863-8_5","article-title":"Processes of\nMicrobial Transformation and Physical Removal of Polychlorinated Biphenyls\n(PCBs) in Wastewater Treatment","volume-title":"Optimization\nand Applicability of Bioprocesses","author":"Fusi","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1021\/es00038a007","article-title":"Volatilization of polychlorinated\nbiphenyls from Green Bay, Lake Michigan","volume":"27","author":"Achman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026101310165303500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(96)00046-5","article-title":"Atmospheric deposition\nof toxic chemicals to the Great Lakes: a review of data through 1994","volume":"30","author":"Hoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1021\/es00038a008","article-title":"Over-water\nand over-land polychlorinated\nbiphenyls in Green Bay, Lake Michigan","volume":"27","author":"Hornbuckle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310165303500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1021\/es00057a018","article-title":"Seasonal\nvariations in air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in Lake\nSuperior","volume":"28","author":"Hornbuckle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit7","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency.\n          . Learn about Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pcbs\/learn-about-polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcbs (accessed May 19, 2022)."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310165303500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070365","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls\n(PCBs)\nin the environment: occupational and exposure events, effects on human\nhealth and fertility","volume":"10","author":"Montano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9515","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00581","article-title":"Assessment of polychlorinated\nbiphenyls\nand their hydroxylated metabolites in postmortem human brain samples:\nage and brain region differences","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310165303500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c05084","article-title":"Toxicity assessment of 91-day repeated inhalation exposure\nto an indoor school air mixture of PCBs","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit11","unstructured":"Davis, B.; Wade, M.\n          Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated\nBiphenyls at Hazardous Waste Sites; DTSC, 2003."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310165303500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/10406026.2017.1307007","article-title":"Excessive\nPCBs in the Hudson river: attributable to\nincompleteness of dredging, or to seven years of dredging?","volume":"29","author":"Michaels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Claims J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310165303500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620060404","article-title":"PCB availability\nassessment of river dredging using\ncaged clams and fish","volume":"6","author":"Rice","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310165303500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06471","article-title":"Novel, activated carbon-based material for in-situ\nremediation of contaminated sediments","volume":"53","author":"Abel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026101310165303500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14338","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01043","article-title":"Aerobic bioaugmentation\nto decrease polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emissions from contaminated\nsediments to air","volume":"56","author":"Bako","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116364","article-title":"Biodegradation of PCB congeners by Paraburkholderia xenovorans LB400 in presence and absence of sediment\nduring lab bioreactor experiments","volume":"271","author":"Bako","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310165303500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-012-1037-x","article-title":"Biodegradation\nof mono-hydroxylated PCBs by Burkholderia xenovorans","volume":"34","author":"Tehrani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101310165303500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7432","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01088","article-title":"Kinetics of\nPCB Microbial\nDechlorination Explained by Freely Dissolved Concentration in Sediment\nMicrocosms","volume":"53","author":"Needham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.10.016","article-title":"Microbial transformation and degradation of polychlorinated\nbiphenyls","volume":"155","author":"Field","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101310165303500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7996","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.23.7996-8005.2005","article-title":"Growth Substrate-\nand Phase-Specific Expression of Biphenyl, Benzoate, and C1Metabolic\nPathways in Burkholderia xenovorans LB400","volume":"187","author":"Denef","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026101310165303500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.12.090","article-title":"In situ\nand bioremediation of organic pollutants in aquatic sediments","volume":"177","author":"Perelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2018.1563892","article-title":"Colonization\nand growth of dehalorespiring biofilms\non carbonaceous sorptive amendments","volume":"35","author":"Capozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310165303500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.11.047","article-title":"Biodegradation of polychlorinated\nbiphenyls using biofilm grown with biphenyl as carbon source in fluidized\nbed reactor","volume":"64","author":"Borja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115494","article-title":"Biochar as\nsimultaneous shelter,\nadsorbent, pH buffer, and substrate of Pseudomonas citronellolis to promote biodegradation of high concentrations\nof phenol in wastewater","volume":"172","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148451","article-title":"Enhanced trichloroethylene\nbiodegradation: Roles of\nbiochar-microbial collaboration beyond adsorption","volume":"792","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026101310165303500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8893","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01088","article-title":"Activity and\nreactivity of pyrogenic\ncarbonaceous matter toward organic compounds","volume":"51","author":"Pignatello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101310165303500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13517","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02528","article-title":"Black carbon (biochar)\nin water\/soil environments: molecular structure,\nsorption, stability, and potential risk","volume":"51","author":"Lian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310165303500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104206c","article-title":"Influence\nof pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy\nmetal sorbent in soil","volume":"59","author":"Uchimiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16221","article-title":"Biochar as\nan electron shuttle for reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol\nby Geobacter sulfurreducens","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.151","article-title":"Adsorption and degradation in the\nremoval of nonylphenol from water\nby cells immobilized on biochar","volume":"228","author":"Lou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.01.010","article-title":"Simultaneous adsorption\nand biodegradation (SAB) of diesel oil using immobilized Acinetobacter venetianus on porous material","volume":"289","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.041","article-title":"The performance of biochar-microbe multiple biochemical\nmaterial on bioremediation and soil micro-ecology in the cadmium aged\nsoil","volume":"686","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310165303500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.07.053","article-title":"Adsorption\nof polychlorinated biphenyls\nto activated carbon: Equilibrium isotherms and a preliminary assessment\nof the effect of dissolved organic matter and biofilm loadings","volume":"42","author":"McDonough","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2011.09.009","article-title":"Long-term\nmonitoring\nand modeling of the mass transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in\nsediment following pilot-scale in-situ amendment with activated carbon","volume":"129-130","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310165303500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4121","article-title":"Performance\nof an in\nsitu activated carbon treatment to reduce PCB availability in an active\nharbor","volume":"37","author":"Kirtay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310165303500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09183","article-title":"Black Carbon\nImpacts on Paraburkholderia xenovorans Strain LB400 Cell Enrichment\nand Activity: Implications toward Lower-Chlorinated Polychlorinated\nBiphenyls Biodegradation Potential","volume":"58","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101310165303500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10691","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01935","article-title":"Mesocosm\nstudies on the efficacy of bioamended activated carbon for treating\nPCB-impacted sediment","volume":"51","author":"Payne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310165303500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05019","article-title":"A pilot-scale\nfield study: in situ treatment of PCB-impacted sediments with bioamended\nactivated carbon","volume":"53","author":"Payne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310165303500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1021\/es304372t","article-title":"Remediation of polychlorinated\nbiphenyl impacted sediment by concurrent bioaugmentation with anaerobic\nhalorespiring and aerobic degrading bacteria","volume":"47","author":"Payne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026101310165303500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(98)00008-8","article-title":"Degradation\nof polychlorinated biphenyl\nby cells of Rhodococcus opacus strain TSP203 immobilized\nin alginate and in solution","volume":"23","author":"Mukerjee-Dhar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat709","article-title":"Living bacteria in silica gels","volume":"1","author":"Nassif","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2013.12.003","article-title":"Removal of azo dyes\nfrom water by sol\u2013gel immobilized Pseudomonas sp","volume":"2","author":"Tuttolomondo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestengg.4c00718","article-title":"Development\nof a Novel PCB-Degrading\nBiofilm Enriched Biochar Encapsulated with Sol\u2013Gel: A Protective\nLayer to Sustain Biodegradation Activity","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS\nEST Eng."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit44","unstructured":"Battelle Memorial Institute.\n          . Water Quality Monitoring Summary Report. https:\/\/semspub.epa.gov\/work\/01\/580306.pdf (accessed May 19, 2022)."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit45","unstructured":"World Sea Temperature.\n          . New Bedford Water\nTemperature. https:\/\/www.seatemperature.org\/north-america\/united-states\/new-bedford.htm (accessed May 19, 2022)."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101310165303500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1021\/es9810179","article-title":"Role of Granular Activated\nCarbon Surface Chemistry on the Adsorption of Organic Compounds. 2.\nNatural Organic Matter","volume":"33","author":"Karanfil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit47","unstructured":"Li, X.; Dong, Q.; LeFevre, G. H.; Mattes, T. E.; Lehmler, H.-J.\n          Characterization and Authentication\n2,2\u2032,5-Trichlorobiphenyl (PCB18); University of Iowa, 2025."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit48","unstructured":"Li, X.; Dong, Q.; LeFevre, G. H.; Mattes, T. E.; Lehmler, H.-J.\n          Characterization and\nAuthentication\n2,2\u2032-Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB4); University\nof Iowa, 2025."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-1162-0","article-title":"Authentication of synthetic environmental contaminants\nand their (bio)transformation products in toxicology: polychlorinated\nbiphenyls as an example","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Poll.\nRes."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310165303500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b00535","article-title":"Comparative Analyses of the 12 Most Abundant PCB Congeners\nDetected in Human Maternal Serum for Activity at the Thyroid Hormone\nReceptor and Ryanodine Receptor","volume":"53","author":"Sethi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310165303500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1021\/es902911a","article-title":"Fate of PCB Congeners in an Industrial\nHarbor of Lake Michigan","volume":"44","author":"Martinez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310165303500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c05084","article-title":"Toxicity assessment\nof 91-day repeated inhalation exposure\nto an indoor school air mixture of PCBs","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit53","unstructured":"Sharma, T.\n          \n          Biochar and other\nproperties resulting from the gasification and combustion of biomass\nwith different components; University\nof Iowa: Iowa City, IA, 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310165303500_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/open.201402107","article-title":"Sol-Gel Microspheres\nDoped with Glycerol: A Structural Insight in Light of Forthcoming\nApplications in the Polyurethane Foam Industry","volume":"4","author":"Ciriminna","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemistryOpen"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310165303500_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008704208324","article-title":"Cells in Sol-Gels I: A Cytocompatible\nRoute for the Production of Macroporous Silica Gels","volume":"18","author":"Conroy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sol\u2013Gel Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310165303500_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1139\/m97-166","article-title":"Comparison\nof the degradation patterns of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners\nin Aroclors by Pseudomonas strain LB400 after growth on various carbon\nsources","volume":"43","author":"Billingsley","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit57","article-title":"Biodegradation\nof Polyethers (Polyethylene Glycol, Polypropylene Glycol, Polytetramethylene\nglycol, and Others)","volume-title":"Biopolymers","author":"Kawai"},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.03.059","article-title":"Cryogenic soil coring\nreveals coexistence of aerobic and anaerobic vinyl chloride degrading\nbacteria in a chlorinated ethene contaminated aquifer","volume":"157","author":"Richards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310165303500_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.7.3866-3871.2005","article-title":"An internal\nreference technique for accurately quantifying specific mRNAs by real-time\nPCR with application to the tceA reductive dehalogenase gene","volume":"71","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.07.046","article-title":"Enhanced\npolychlorinated biphenyl removal in a switchgrass rhizosphere by bioaugmentation\nwith Burkholderia xenovorans LB400","volume":"71","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-010-0299-y","article-title":"Insight in the PCB-degrading functional\ncommunity in long-term contaminated soil under bioremediation","volume":"11","author":"Petric\u0301","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310165303500_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication\nof quantitative real-time PCR experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin.\nChem."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.07.015","article-title":"Sediment\npore water distribution coefficients of PCB congeners in enriched\nblack carbon sediment","volume":"182","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101310165303500_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5841","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.5c00423","article-title":"Paraburkholderia Xenovorans Strain\nLB400 Significantly\nDecreased Volatilization of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from\nFreshwater and Saline Sediments","volume":"5","author":"Ramotowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2024.100420","article-title":"Biochar-based\ncomposites for removing chlorinated organic pollutants: Applications,\nmechanisms, and perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nEcotechnol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101310165303500_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1021\/es020019x","article-title":"Sorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated\nBiphenyls to Soot and Soot-like Materials in the Aqueous Environment:\nMechanistic Considerations","volume":"36","author":"Jonker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2024.130884","article-title":"The role of PEG\/glycerol\nratio on the structure and corrosion protection properties of PU-silica\ncoating","volume":"485","author":"Braz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310165303500_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-008-1876-z","article-title":"Effect\nof glycerol on the optical\nand physical properties of sol\u2013gel glass matrices","volume":"49","author":"Deshpande","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sol\u2013Gel Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2013.824733","article-title":"Biodegradation\nof glycerol using\nbacterial isolates from soil under aerobic conditions","volume":"49","author":"Raghunandan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Toxic\/Hazard. Subst. Environ.\nEng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(77)90189-0","article-title":"The biodegradation of polyethylene\nglycols by sewage bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Watson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36086-y","article-title":"Elevated temperature\nand CO2 strongly affect the growth strategies of soil bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310165303500_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0580-6","article-title":"Immobilization of bacteria in silica\nmatrices using citric acid in the sol\u2013gel process","volume":"73","author":"Alvarez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310165303500_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-005-1912-7","article-title":"Efficient preservation\nin a silicon\noxide matrix of Escherichia coli, producer\nof recombinant proteins","volume":"68","author":"Desimone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101310165303500_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10251","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c00847","article-title":"Development\nof Organogels for Live Yarrowia lipolytica Encapsulation","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.06.012","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis for assessing\nthe physical stability\nof core materials microencapsulated in taro starch spherical aggregates","volume":"197","author":"Hoyos-Leyva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310165303500_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1134\/S000368381803002X","article-title":"Specific features\nof chlorinated biphenyl decomposition by Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain KT112\u20137 under high salt\nconditions","volume":"54","author":"Egorova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310165303500_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-013-1587-0","article-title":"A novel bacterium that degrades Aroclor-1254\nand its bphC gene encodes an extradiol aromatic ring\ncleavage dioxygenase (EARCD)","volume":"224","author":"Ganesh-Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Air Soil\nPoll."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310165303500_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3069(99)00068-0","article-title":"The effects\nof salinity and temperature\non the behaviour of polyacrylamide gels","volume":"21","author":"Molloy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater.\nDes."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310165303500_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EM00607A","article-title":"Co-encapsulation\nof\nslow release compounds and Rhodococcus rhodochrous ATCC 21198 in gellan gum beads to promote the long-term aerobic\ncometabolic transformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethene\nand 1,4-dioxane","volume":"22","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Proc. Impacts"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026101310165303500_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159408","article-title":"Effect of Humic Acid on the Growth\nand Metabolism of Candida albicans Isolated from Surface Waters in\nNorth-Eastern Poland","volume":"19","author":"Cudowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res.\nPublic Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310165303500_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.1c01398","article-title":"Adding Humic\nAcids\nto Gelatin Hydrogels: A Way to Tune Gelation","volume":"23","author":"Venezia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"2026101310165303500_cit82","unstructured":"Dong, Q.; Martinez, A.; Marek, R. F.; Hornbuckle, K. C.; LeFevre, G. H.; Mattes, T. E.\n          Dataset Describing\nPolychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Congener Biodegradation and Biphenyl\nDioxygenase Gene (bphA) Expression Levels by Sol-Gel-Coated and Uncoated\nBiofilms on Biochar under Environmentally Relevant Conditions; Iowa Research Online (IRO), University of Iowa, 2026.10.2580\/data.008184. https:\/\/iro.uiowa.edu\/esploro\/outputs\/dataset\/9985136443702771."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c02869","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28886\/68652936\/acs.est.6c02869.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28886\/68652936\/acs.est.6c02869.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:14:24Z","timestamp":1791908064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/40\/28886\/5438513\/Sol-Gel-Encapsulated-Biofilms-on-Biochar"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c02869","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}