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Under the net-zero scenarios, national PM2.5-attributable mortality rates in 2050 declined by 28\u201373% compared to 2017 across the three models. This result confirms substantial health benefits from reducing energy-sector pollution, despite concurrent population growth and aging trends that place upward pressure on mortality. Differences across the models result from how CO2 mitigation efforts are allocated across sectors and associated energy technology choices. For instance, the scale of carbon dioxide removal deployment in 2050 varies by a factor of three across the net-zero scenarios developed by the three models, influencing the amount of fossil fuel use that remains in a deeply decarbonized future and, consequently, the precursor emissions contributing to ambient PM2.5. By exploring sensitivity analyses that vary the projected emissions from non-energy activities such as wildfires, we also find that potential future increases in non-energy emissions can offset energy-sector health benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:02:19Z","timestamp":1789632139000},"page":"27063-27078","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Multi-Model Assessment\nof the Air Quality and Health\nImpacts of U.S. Energy Decarbonization"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-9640","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinyu","family":"Shiwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University , , , ,","place":["Princeton, New Jersey, United States, 08544"]},{"name":"Princeton University , , , ,","place":["Princeton, New Jersey, United States, 08544"]},{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University , , 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