{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:15:23Z","timestamp":1788221723428,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["840684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["840684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Indoor smoking of psychoactive substances exposes not only users through \u201cfirsthand smoke\u201d (FHS) but also bystanders through pathways of \u201csecondhand smoke\u201d (SHS; exhaled or side-stream smoke) and \u201cthirdhand smoke\u201d (THS; residual contamination that persists indoors) via different routes of inhalation, mouthing-mediated ingestion, and dermal absorption. Here, we explore how chemical properties, smoking behaviors, and features of exposed individuals together shape exposure pathways and routes, using a mechanistic indoor chemical fate and exposure model with scenarios varying by retention rate (the fraction of smoke-generated chemicals absorbed by the smoker) and smoking frequency. We estimate adult and child exposure to seven representative compounds spanning orders-of-magnitude differences in volatility and hydrophobicity. We find that dominant exposure pathways and routes are strongly chemical-specific and scenario-dependent. FHS is consistently the dominant exposure pathway for substance users, whereas among nonsmoking exposed individuals, the relative importance of SHS and THS is determined jointly by chemical partitioning properties and the relative durations of active-smoking and postsmoking periods. Exposure to volatile chemicals (e.g., nicotine) is dominated by inhalation, exposure to compounds with intermediate hydrophobicity by dermal absorption, while highly hydrophobic, lowly volatile compounds (e.g., \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol) receive meaningful contributions from all three routes. These findings highlight that broad generalizations about exposure dominance can misrepresent risks, particularly for nonusers and children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T16:03:16Z","timestamp":1786550596000},"page":"23333-23343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Are We Exposed\nto Chemicals When Drugs Are Smoked\nIndoors?"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Siena E.","family":"Illa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno , , 1664 N. Virginia Street , , ,","place":["Reno, Nevada, United States, 89557"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cielo E.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno , , 1664 N. Virginia Street , , ,","place":["Reno, Nevada, United States, 89557"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla D.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno , , 1664 N. Virginia Street , , ,","place":["Reno, Nevada, United States, 89557"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil E.","family":"Klepeis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University , , 5500 Campanile Drive , , ,","place":["San Diego, California, United States, 92182"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-7366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno , , 1664 N. Virginia Street , , ,","place":["Reno, Nevada, United States, 89557"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.\n          .  How Tobacco Smoke\nCauses Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable\nDisease: A Report of the Surgeon General: (590462011\u2013001), 2010.10.1037\/e590462011-001."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit2","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics.\n          .  National Health Interview\nSurvey, 2022 Survey Description, 2023. https:\/\/ftp.cdc.gov\/pub\/Health_Statistics\/NCHS\/Dataset_Documentation\/NHIS\/2022\/srvydesc-508.pdf."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026083119452666600_cit3","first-page":"354","article-title":"Cigarette smoking among adults\u2500United States,\n1990","volume":"41","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11782218231172054","DOI":"10.1177\/11782218231172054","article-title":"The Impact\nof Recreational Cannabis\nLegalization on Cannabis Use and Associated Outcomes: A Systematic\nReview","volume":"17","author":"Farrelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse:Res. Treat."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026083119452666600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000508","article-title":"The impact\nof recreational\nmarijuana legalization on rates of use and behavior: A 10-year comparison\nof two cohorts from high school to young adulthood","volume":"33","author":"Stormshak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit6","unstructured":"Key Substance\nUse and Mental Health Indicators in the United States:\nResults from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2022."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026083119452666600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.28934","article-title":"Prevalence of Cannabis\nUse Disorder and Reasons for Use Among Adults in a US State Where\nRecreational Cannabis Use Is Legal","volume":"6","author":"Lapham","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw.\nOpen"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119452666600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00247-4","article-title":"Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder","volume":"7","author":"Connor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. 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Psychol."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.036","article-title":"Health outcomes\nassociated with crack-cocaine\nuse: Systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"180","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug\nAlcohol Depend."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119452666600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38161","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.38161","article-title":"Methamphetamine Use:\nA Narrative Review of Adverse Effects and Related Toxicities","volume":"10","author":"Edinoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119452666600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.4.465","article-title":"Risk Factors\nfor Homelessness: Evidence From a Population-Based Study","volume":"60","author":"Shelton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2026083119452666600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.015","article-title":"Profile\nof lifetime\nmethamphetamine use among homeless adults in Los Angeles","volume":"92","author":"Nyamathi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412964500.n189","article-title":"Methods of\nDrug Administration","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Substance\nAbuse Prevention, Treatment, & Recovery","author":"Fisher","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9760","key":"2026083119452666600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61388-8","article-title":"Worldwide\nburden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective\nanalysis of data from 192 countries","volume":"377","author":"O\u0308berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119452666600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00343","article-title":"Thirdhand Smoke: New\nEvidence, Challenges, and Future Directions","volume":"30","author":"Jacob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026083119452666600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103500","article-title":"Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke:\nEmerging Evidence and Arguments for a Multidisciplinary Research Agenda","volume":"119","author":"Matt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107063","article-title":"Thirdhand smoke from tobacco, e-cigarettes,\ncannabis, methamphetamine and cocaine: Partitioning, reactive fate,\nand human exposure in indoor environments","volume":"160","author":"Yeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nInt."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106266","article-title":"Addressing\nuncertainty in mouthing-mediated\ningestion of chemicals on indoor surfaces, objects, and dust","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119452666600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2016.08.008","article-title":"Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Public\nPerception of Risks of Exposing Children to Second- and Third-Hand\nTobacco Smoke","volume":"31","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026083119452666600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e336","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000443","article-title":"Cardiovascular\nConsequences of Childhood Secondhand\nTobacco Smoke Exposure: Prevailing Evidence, Burden, and Racial and\nSocioeconomic Disparities: A Scientific Statement From the American\nHeart Association","volume":"134","author":"Raghuveer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2024.102835","article-title":"Secondhand cannabis\nsmoke exposure and respiratory symptoms among adults living in a state\nwith legalized medical cannabis with limited smoke-free protections","volume":"45","author":"Cohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Med. 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Drug Monit."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026083119452666600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3390\/children11111301","article-title":"Accidental Detection\nof Cocaine in Urine in Pediatric Patients: Case Series and Literature\nReview","volume":"11","author":"Focardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083119452666600_cit28","first-page":"494","article-title":"Passive inhalation of free-base cocaine\n(\u2019crack\u2019) smoke by infants","volume":"115","author":"Mirchandani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch.\nPathol. Lab. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119452666600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61636-9","article-title":"Third-hand smoke perception and awareness among medical\nstudents: a survey study","volume":"14","author":"Aras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit30","unstructured":"Rebolledo, L. Y.\n          \n          Assessing Knowledge,\nAttitude, And Practice among College Students Regarding Second-Hand\nand Third-Hand Smoke. Master Thesis of Public Health, California State University - San Bernardino, 2023. https:\/\/scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu\/etd\/1680\/."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026083119452666600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8630","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228630","article-title":"It\u2019s Worse to\nBreathe It Than to Smoke It: Secondhand Smoke Beliefs in a Group of\nMexican and Central American Immigrants in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Arcury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119452666600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7210","article-title":"Exposure to\nEnvironmental Tobacco Smoke and Cognitive Abilities among U.S. Children\nand Adolescents","volume":"113","author":"Yolton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119452666600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.2.e8","article-title":"The Burden\nof Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure on the Respiratory Health\nof Children 2 Months Through 5 Years of Age in the United States:\nThird National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994","volume":"101","author":"Gergen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit34","unstructured":"Shukla, M.\n          \n          Dangers of Secondhand\nSmoke; Mayank Shukla Asthma &\nSleep Institute (accessed July 29, 2025). https:\/\/www.drmayankshukla.com\/dangers-secondhand-smoke\/."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit35","unstructured":"ABC News.\n          . Myth: Secondhand Smoke\nIs a Killer. ABC News. May 12, 2006. (accessed July 29, 2025). https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/2020\/Stossel\/story?id=1955237&page=1."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit36","unstructured":"Siegel, M.\n          \n          Anti-Smoking Group\nClaims That 30 minutes of Secondhand Smoke Causes Atherosclerosis; Rest of the Story: Tobacco News Analysis and Commentary, 2006. https:\/\/tobaccoanalysis.blogspot.com\/2006\/10\/anti-smoking-group-claims-that-30_13.html."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit37","unstructured":"Grier, J.\n          \n          Secondhand Smoke\nIsn\u2019t as Bad as We Thought; Slate, 2017. https:\/\/slate.com\/technology\/2017\/02\/secondhand-smoke-isnt-as-bad-as-we-thought.html."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119452666600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.06.016","article-title":"Respiratory retention\nof nicotine and urinary excretion of nicotine and its five major metabolites\nin adult male smokers","volume":"173","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119452666600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370500444163","article-title":"The Retention of Tobacco\nSmoke Constituents in the Human Respiratory\nTract","volume":"18","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083119452666600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370601052022","article-title":"A New Method for Estimating\nthe Retention of Selected Smoke Constituents in the Respiratory Tract\nof Smokers During Cigarette Smoking","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal.\nToxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083119452666600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenvironau.2c00010","article-title":"Retrieval, Selection,\nand Evaluation of Chemical Property Data for Assessments of Chemical\nEmissions, Fate, Hazard, Exposure, and Risks","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Environ. Au"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026083119452666600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11276","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02036","article-title":"How are Humans Exposed to Organic\nChemicals Released to Indoor Air?","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026083119452666600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EM00252J","article-title":"Emerging investigator series: the\nrole of chemical properties in human exposure to environmental chemicals","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026083119452666600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP9372","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of a Holistic\nand Mechanistic Modeling Framework for Chemical Emissions, Fate, Exposure,\nand Risk","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026083119452666600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6974","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b00151","article-title":"Revisiting the Contributions of Far-\nand Near-Field Routes to Aggregate Human Exposure to Polychlorinated\nBiphenyls (PCBs)","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.038","article-title":"Towards a\nsystematic understanding\nof the dynamic fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor, urban\nand rural environments","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026083119452666600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16304","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c03754","article-title":"Exploring\nthe Long-Term Human Exposure to Short-, Medium-,\nand Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins under Variant Environmental Release\nTrends and Patterns","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106108","article-title":"Evaluating\nconsumer exposure to disinfecting\nchemicals against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and associated\nhealth risks","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026083119452666600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12506","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02559","article-title":"Thirdhand Exposures\nto Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines through Inhalation, Dust Ingestion,\nDermal Uptake, and Epidermal Chemistry","volume":"56","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119452666600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EA00155A","article-title":"Modeling the fate and involuntary\nexposure to tetrahydrocannabinol emitted from indoor cannabis smoking","volume":"3","author":"Askari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Atmos."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119452666600_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-00260-x","article-title":"Current practices\nunderestimate environmental exposures to methamphetamine: inhalation\nexposures are important","volume":"31","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exposure Sci. Environ.\nEpidemiol."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026083119452666600_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13093","DOI":"10.1021\/es5036333","article-title":"Inhalable\nConstituents of Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke:\nChemical Characterization and Health Impact Considerations","volume":"48","author":"Sleiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026083119452666600_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6576","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912820107","article-title":"Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated\nreactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards","volume":"107","author":"Sleiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl.\nAcad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-03915-3","article-title":"Assessment, detection, and validation of clinical associations of\nthirdhand smoke exposure (ADVOCATE) study protocol","volume":"98","author":"Melinda Mahabee-Gittens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119452666600_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1993","article-title":"The persistence\nof illicit drug smoke residues and their recovery from common household\nsurfaces","volume":"9","author":"Bitter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119452666600_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12159","article-title":"Accumulation of gas-phase methamphetamine\non clothing, toy fabrics, and skin oil","volume":"25","author":"Morrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indoor\nAir"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026083119452666600_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.05.006","article-title":"Drug endangered\nchildren: Examining\nchildren removed from methamphetamine laboratories","volume":"34","author":"Pennar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"2026083119452666600_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2024.100628","article-title":"Determining extent\nand distribution of methamphetamine in cars: Air vs. surface vs. fabrics","volume":"42","author":"Kerry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forensic Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026083119452666600_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10110710","article-title":"A Review of Methods\nUsed to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined\nSpaces","volume":"10","author":"Kerry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119452666600_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/sci4010001","article-title":"Analytical Approaches and Trends in the Determination\nof Psychoactive Drugs in Air","volume":"4","author":"Zambas-Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c02953","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/33\/23333\/66515378\/acs.est.6c02953.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/33\/23333\/66515378\/acs.est.6c02953.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:45:34Z","timestamp":1788219934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/33\/23333\/5253645\/How-Are-We-Exposed-to-Chemicals-When-Drugs-Are"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c02953","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}