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Here, we report shipborne measurements of refractory BC (rBC) mass and particle mixing state during a cruise from southeast to west Greenland in May\u2013June 2022. Using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2XR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we characterize both rBC concentrations and individual-particle morphology, representing one of the first ship-based SP2XR data sets in the Arctic marine boundary layer. rBC concentrations were highest in the Greenland coastal region (2.4 ng m\u20133), compared with the open ocean (1.7 ng m\u20133) and the marginal ice zone (0.6 ng m\u20133). Mixing-state analysis shows that 54% of soot particles in coastal air masses were externally mixed, consistent with relatively fresh emissions, whereas most soot particles over the open sea and sea-ice regions were internally mixed, indicative of aged, transported aerosol. FLEXPART modeling suggests BC enhancements along the Greenland coast. Our data indicate that Greenland acts as a regional source of BC to the Arctic marine boundary layer in late spring and early summer, when midlatitude transport is weak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T16:45:01Z","timestamp":1784738701000},"page":"21124-21134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Greenland Emissions\nContribute to Black Carbon Aerosols\nin the Arctic Marine Boundary Layer"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2348-1681","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaomi","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham , , ,","place":["Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-4834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Congbo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham , , ,","place":["Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham , , ,","place":["Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipul","family":"Lal Chandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham , , ,","place":["Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C. S.","family":"Beddows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham , , , , ,","place":["Edgbaston, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4203-894X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Dall\u2019Osto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC) , , ,","place":["Barcelona, Spain, 08003"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrel","family":"Baumgardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Droplet ENVEA Group , , ,","place":["Longmont, Colorado, United States, 80503"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2684-5226","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roy M.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham , , ,","place":["Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5430-6994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James","family":"Brean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham , , ,","place":["Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8321-5984","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingxi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Prospect Place West Hoe , ,","place":["Plymouth, U.K., PL1 3DH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8825-1469","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yangmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100081"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-4260","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7157-543X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zongbo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham , , ,","place":["Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409294372600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00498-3","article-title":"The Arctic\nHas Warmed Nearly Four Times Faster than the Globe since 1979","volume":"3","author":"Rantanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. 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Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080409294372600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-00969-5","article-title":"Aerosols in Current and Future Arctic\nClimate","volume":"11","author":"Schmale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080409294372600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5380","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50171","article-title":"Bounding the Role of Black Carbon\nin the Climate System: A Scientific Assessment","volume":"118","author":"Bond","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: atmos"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026080409294372600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15225","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-15225-2017","article-title":"An Evaluation\nof Three Methods for Measuring Black Carbon in Alert, Canada","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. 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Natl. Acad. Sci.\nU. S. A."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026080409294372600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-11971-2017","article-title":"Source Attribution of Arctic Black Carbon Constrained\nby Aircraft and Surface Measurements","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080409294372600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00891-1","article-title":"Equal Abundance of Summertime Natural and Wintertime\nAnthropogenic Arctic Organic Aerosols","volume":"15","author":"Moschos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat.\nGeosci"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026080409294372600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10515","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-10515-2017","article-title":"Tagged Tracer Simulations\nof Black Carbon in the Arctic:\nTransport, Source Contributions, and Budget","volume":"17","author":"Ikeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026080409294372600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18123","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-18123-2018","article-title":"Source\nSector and Region Contributions\nto Black Carbon and PM2.5 in the Arctic","volume":"18","author":"Sobhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409294372600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-2731-2024","article-title":"Composition and Sources\nof Carbonaceous Aerosol in the European Arctic at Zeppelin Observatory,\nSvalbard (2017 to 2020)","volume":"24","author":"Yttri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409294372600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50176","article-title":"Arctic\nClimate Sensitivity to Local Black Carbon: BLACK CARBON INFLUENCE\nON ARCTIC CLIMATE","volume":"118","author":"Flanner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: atmos"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026080409294372600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7788","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50613","article-title":"Arctic\nSurface Temperature Change to Emissions of Black Carbon within Arctic\nor Midlatitudes: ARCTIC CLIMATE RESPONSE TO BLACK CARBON","volume":"118","author":"Sand","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: atmos"},{"key":"2026080409294372600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"000104","DOI":"10.12952\/journal.elementa.000104","article-title":"Arctic Air Pollution:\nChallenges and Opportunities for the next Decade","volume":"4","author":"Arnold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elem. Sci. Anthr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080409294372600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00017.1","article-title":"Arctic Air Pollution: New Insights\nfrom POLARCAT-IPY","volume":"95","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. 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Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080409294372600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-17-3897-2024","article-title":"A 2-Year Intercomparison\nof Three Methods for Measuring Black Carbon Concentration at a High-Altitude\nResearch Station in Europe","volume":"17","author":"Tinorua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080409294372600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2018.1531107","article-title":"Formation of Refractory\nBlack Carbon by SP2-Induced Charring of Organic Aerosol","volume":"52","author":"Sedlacek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026080409294372600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9413","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-9413-2015","article-title":"Current Model Capabilities\nfor Simulating Black Carbon and Sulfate\nConcentrations in the Arctic Atmosphere: A Multi-Model Evaluation\nUsing a Comprehensive Measurement Data Set","volume":"15","author":"Eckhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026080409294372600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.04.026","article-title":"Aerosol Black\nCarbon at Five Background Measurement\nSites over Finland, a Gateway to the Arctic","volume":"45","author":"Hyva\u0308rinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. 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