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Locally available hydropower, nuclear power, and biomass offer promising alternatives. Using a spatially explicit model with endogenous optimization of industrial spatial configuration, we show that diversified energy supply safeguards cost-effective and risk-mitigated chemical decarbonization in China, compared to the prevailing wind\u2013solar-dominated strategies. By 2060, the annualized cost of chemical sector is reduced by 218 billion CNY (0.22% of China\u2019s 2020 GDP), and the marginal abatement cost declines from 3160 to 1401 CNY\/t, making net-zero emissions more economically feasible. Deployment requirements for critical-metal-intensive electrolyzers and energy storage technologies decline by 46.5% and 63.7%, respectively, and the still-immature direct air capture with utilization becomes largely unnecessary. Moreover, the potential stranded coal-based chemical capacity declines from 16.9 GW to 1.55 GW, and the chemical-sector contractions in Henan, Guizhou, and Chongqing are avoided, primarily through biomass-based methanol expansion. We caution against overly optimistic wind\u2013solar-dominated strategies and advocate regionally tailored transitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T12:02:02Z","timestamp":1786622522000},"page":"23219-23230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Safeguarding Cost-Effective\nand Risk-Mitigated Chemical\nDecarbonization by Diversified Energy Supply"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2435-0840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zihan","family":"Zhen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]},{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-3813","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianxiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9161-7756","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kangxin","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 7HB"]},{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 7HB"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8708-0485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 7HB"]},{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 7HB"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dabo","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]},{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]},{"name":"University College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 7HB"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1136-792X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Can","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]},{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026083119451515500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218294120","article-title":"Planet-Compatible Pathways for Transitioning the Chemical\nIndustry","volume":"120","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. 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