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This study systematically investigated the occurrence of 50 FLCMs in 300 urine samples collected from 150 couples living in Tianjin, China. Among the 50 target analytes, 42 were detected, with total FLCM concentrations (\u2211FLCMs) ranging from 1.59 to 34.60 ng\/mL (median: 7.45 ng\/mL), which were substantially higher than reported urinary levels in Beijing and Guangdong populations. The predominant compounds identified were DTMTPT (4-[difluoro(3,4,5-trifluorophenoxy)methyl]-2\u2032,3,5-trifluoro-4\u2032-pentyl-1,1\u2032:4\u2032,1\u2032-terphenyl), CFPEB (3-fluoro-4-cyanophenyl 4-ethylbenzoate), EDPBB (1-ethoxy-2,3-difluoro-4-[(trans,trans)-4\u2032-propyl[1,1\u2032-bicyclohexyl]-4-yl]benzene), DPPCB (2,3-difluoro-1-propoxy-4-[(trans,trans)-4\u2032-propyl[1,1\u2032-bicyclohexyl]-4-yl]benzene), and EFPT (4\u2033-ethyl-2\u2032-fluoro-4-propyl-1,1\u2032:4\u2032,1\u2033-terphenyl), with DTMTPT and CFPEB representing the largest contributions at 20.5% and 19.1% of total concentrations, respectively. Demographic analysis revealed that urinary EFPT concentrations were significantly lower in females than in males (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and gender exerted a more pronounced influence on exposure than cohabitation. Individuals aged &amp;lt;30 years exhibited marginally elevated FLCM exposure compared to those \u226530 years, whereas body mass index, smoking status, and alcohol consumption showed no significant associations with urinary FLCM concentrations (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Correlation analysis and molecular docking simulations demonstrated that CFPEB and DTMTPT were significantly positively correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase levels (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and all five major FLCMs exhibited stable binding affinities to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), suggesting potential hepatotoxicity. Screening-level hazard quotient (HQ) assessment indicated low health risks under current exposure scenarios. This study addresses a critical data gap regarding FLCM exposure in the general adult population of China and provides foundational data and scientific evidence for characterizing human exposure patterns and informing risk management strategies for this emerging contaminant class.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:09:30Z","timestamp":1785848970000},"page":"21545-21556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fluorinated\nLiquid Crystal Monomers in Human Urine:\nOccurrence, Demographic Associations, and Health Risk Assessment in\na Cohort of 150 Couples"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Tianjin University of Technology , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300384"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Tianjin University of Technology , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300384"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University of Technology , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300384"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8481-3468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Wenzhou, China, 325000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4125-5179","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shanjun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Metrology ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6335-3917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guibin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit1","unstructured":"Sullivan, F.\n          \n          Global LCD Panel\nMarket Research Report, 2024. https:\/\/www.frostchina.com\/content\/insight\/detail\/6937e5db99659d97bd9af7df (accessed Dec 01, 2025)."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127519","article-title":"Atmospheric persistence\nand toxicity evolution for fluorinated biphenylethyne\nliquid crystal monomers unveiled by in silico methods","volume":"424","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.03.031","article-title":"Recycling\nof indium from waste LCD: A promising non-crushing\nleaching with the aid of ultrasonic wave","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste\nManage."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.11.059","article-title":"Study on\nthe waste liquid crystal\ndisplay treatment: Focus on the resource recovery","volume":"244","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026081110081375600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12424","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03901","article-title":"Comprehensive Identification\nof Liquid Crystal Monomers-Biphenyls, Cyanobiphenyls, Fluorinated\nBiphenyls, and their Analogues-in Waste LCD Panels and the First Estimate\nof their Global Release into the Environment","volume":"55","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081110081375600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c07394","article-title":"Release and Gas-Particle\nPartitioning Behavior of Liquid Crystal Monomers during the Dismantling\nof Waste Liquid Crystal Display Panels in E-Waste Recycling Facilities","volume":"56","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit7","unstructured":"Global Fluorinated Liquid Crystal Monomer Market Size By Product\nType (Fluorinated Aromatic Monomers, Fluorinated Aliphatic Monomers),\nBy Application (Display Technologies, Optical Devices), By End-User\nIndustry (Consumer Electronics, Automotive), By Chemical Structure\n(Monofunctional Monomers, Multifunctional Monomers), By Sales Channel\n(Direct Sales, Distributors), By Geographic Scope And Forecast. https:\/\/www.verifiedmarketreports.com\/product\/fluorinated-liquid-crystal-monomer-market\/ (accessed Dec 01, 2025)."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit8","unstructured":"Fluorinated Monomer\nLiquid Crystal Report, Global\nRevenue, Key Companies MarketShare & Rank, 2024. https:\/\/www.qyresearch.com.cn\/reports\/4281536\/fluorinated-monomer-liquid-crystal (accessed Dec 01, 2025)."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081110081375600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01636","article-title":"Liquid Crystal Monomers\n(LCMs): A New Generation of\nPersistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) Compounds?","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172987","article-title":"Informal E-waste dismantling activities\naccelerated\nthe releasing of liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) in Pakistan: Occurrence,\ndistribution, and exposure assessment","volume":"932","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158408","article-title":"Target\nand suspect analysis of liquid crystal monomers in soil from different\nurban functional zones","volume":"854","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124285","article-title":"Investigation\nof the role of distances\nfrom liquid crystal monomer (LCM) factories on distribution of LCMs\nin surface soil samples","volume":"356","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168428","article-title":"Liquid\ncrystal monomers\nin soils near the e-waste recycling site and liquid crystal display\nmanufacturer: Exponential decrease with distance","volume":"909","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081110081375600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136960","article-title":"Occurrence, Seasonal\nVariation, and Health Risks of\nPM2.5-bound Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) in Beijing,\nChina","volume":"485","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081110081375600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5984","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c00112","article-title":"Identification of\nEnvironmental Liquid-Crystal Monomers:\nA Class of New Persistent Organic Pollutants-Fluorinated Biphenyls\nand Analogues-Emitted from E-Waste Dismantling","volume":"55","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107295","article-title":"Occurrence, Distribution, and Human\nExposure of Emerging Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) in Indoor and\nOutdoor Dust: A Nationwide Study","volume":"164","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.05.014","article-title":"Daily intake\nof\npolybrominated diphenyl ethers via dust and diet from an e-waste recycling\narea in China","volume":"276","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117172","article-title":"Eight novel\nbrominated\nflame retardants in indoor and outdoor dust samples from the E-waste\nrecycling industrial park: Implications for human exposure","volume":"238","author":"Lan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"52","key":"2026081110081375600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26450","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915322116","article-title":"Persistent,\nbioaccumulative, and toxic properties of liquid crystal\nmonomers and their detection in indoor residential dust","volume":"116","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7437","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c17767","article-title":"Liquid Crystal\nMonomers Released from LCD Displays Accumulate in Endangered Marine\nCetaceans Triggering Health Concerns","volume":"60","author":"Tao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126283","article-title":"Fluorinated liquid-crystal\nmonomers\ndistribution in paired urine from mothers and infants","volume":"375","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026081110081375600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15949","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c02905","article-title":"Fluorinated Liquid-Crystal\nMonomers in Serum from the General Population and Their Impact on\nHuman Health","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134818","article-title":"Emerging N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N\u2032-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine\n(6PPD) and 6PPD quinone in paired human plasma and urine from Tianjin,\nChina: Preliminary assessment with demographic factors","volume":"476","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113633","article-title":"Organophosphate\nester flame retardants and plasticizers in a Chinese population: Significance\nof hydroxylated metabolites and implication for human exposure","volume":"257","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139713","article-title":"Urinary\nexposure to liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) in children near e-waste\nrecycling sites: Occurrence and implications for physical growth","volume":"497","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107535","article-title":"Direct evidence on occurrence of\nemerging liquid crystal monomers\nin human serum from E-waste dismantling workers: Implication for intake\nassessment","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081110081375600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136144","article-title":"Liquid crystal\nmonomers in human, dog and cat feces\nfrom the United States","volume":"480","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026081110081375600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25151","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c09784","article-title":"Occurrence\nand Health Risk of Emerging Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) in Human\nMilk from Hunan, China","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081110081375600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6309","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c00322","article-title":"Dietary Exposure\nand Health Risk\nof the Emerging Contaminant Fluorinated Liquid-Crystal Monomers","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081110081375600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2024.2373948","article-title":"Environmental behavior,\ntoxic potencies, and risks of liquid crystal monomers: A critical\nreview","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110081375600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2045894020908786","article-title":"Sex hormone exposure and reproductive factors in pulmonary\narterial hypertension: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Badlam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081110081375600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00431-8","article-title":"Sexual\ndimorphism in cardiometabolic\nhealth: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver","volume":"17","author":"Goossens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026081110081375600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14110","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c01945","article-title":"Prenatal\nParental Exposure to Metals and Birth Defects: A Prospective Birth\nCohort Study","volume":"58","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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