{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:12:49Z","timestamp":1790140369889,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Virus transport in groundwater is a key pathway contributing to waterborne disease outbreaks and poses significant risks to public health. However, the mechanisms governing virus transport and attenuation remain poorly understood. Here, using the human enteric virus Coxsackievirus (CV-A16), we coupled experiments with a dual-marker approach (TCID50 and RT-qPCR) and a stepwise modeling strategy to quantify virus inactivation, interfacial inactivation, and adsorption during virus transport and attenuation in heterogeneous sediments. Static batch experiments revealed markedly slower CV-A16 inactivation in the aqueous phase, requiring 106\u2013191 days to achieve a 90% loss of infectivity, compared with about 12 days in saturated sediments. Column experiments indicated that kinetic adsorption\u2013desorption was the dominant attenuation mechanism, while surface-associated interfacial inactivation represented an additional important pathway that increased with virus adsorption, reflecting a coupled adsorption-inactivation process. Further analysis showed that inactivation rate constants ranged from 0.002 to 0.004 min\u20131 from coarse sand to silt, suggesting enhanced virus-solid interface reactivity in finer sediments. Furthermore, bimodal particle-size distributions from laser particle sizing and TEM observations of virus clusters indicate the formation of aggregates during transport, while zeta potential variations suggest that this process most likely occurs during the early to intermediate stages of transport. By evaluating the interplay between physical retention and biological inactivation, this study provides a mechanistic framework to improve the prediction of virus transport and the accuracy of pathogen-related health risk assessments in subsurface environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T16:01:56Z","timestamp":1786636916000},"page":"24304-24314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transport\nand Attenuation of Human Viruses in Groundwater:\nAssessment of Adsorption-Induced Interfacial Inactivation and Evidence\nof Aggregation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1700-4273","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130012"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130012"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Brusseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona , , , ,","place":["Tucson, Arizona, United States, 85721"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7939-1525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sida","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing University , , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 400044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Reza","family":"Soltanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati , , , ,","place":["Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45221"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-7621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenxue","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130012"]},{"name":"Qingdao University of Technology , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266520"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9577-7423","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weiheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianshan","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130012"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2097-9589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth C.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Mexico State University , , , ,","place":["Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States, 88003"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307134064600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00550-024-00557-7","article-title":"Sustainability\nNexus AID: Groundwater","volume":"32","author":"Soltanian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability Nexus\nForum"},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit2","volume-title":"The United Nations\nWorld Water Development Report 2022: groundwater: making the Invisible\nVisible","author":"UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme.","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit3","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\n          \n          Groundwater:\nUnderstanding and Protecting Our Hidden Resource.  Science Matters; 2021."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307134064600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000168","article-title":"Waterborne\nViruses in Urban Groundwater Environments","volume":"2","author":"Rusin\u0303ol","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS\nWater"},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117813","article-title":"Seasonality of Enteric\nViruses in Groundwater-Derived Public Water Sources","volume":"207","author":"Sorensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit6","unstructured":"WHO.\n          \n          Burden of Disease Attributable\nto Unsafe Drinking-Water,\nSanitation and Hygiene, 2019 Update; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2023."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090307134064600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8019","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00917-10","article-title":"Survival,\nand Persistence of Human Adenoviruses and F-Specific RNA Phages in\nRaw Groundwater","volume":"76","author":"Ogorzaly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124082","article-title":"Modeling Virus Transport\nand Removal during Storage and Recovery in Heterogeneous Aquifers","volume":"578","author":"Torkzaban","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307134064600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01342-09","article-title":"Inactivation\nof Adenoviruses, Enteroviruses,\nand Murine Norovirus in Water by Free Chlorine and Monochloramine","volume":"76","author":"Cromeans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307134064600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.123163","article-title":"Fate and Transport of Viruses in the Subsurface Environment:\nA Systematic Review of Pollution Pathways in Saturated and Unsaturated\nPorous Media","volume":"288","author":"Jat Baloch","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307134064600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2015.03.0118","article-title":"Pathogen Decay\nduring Managed Aquifer Recharge at Four\nSites with Different Geochemical Characteristics and Recharge Water\nSources","volume":"44","author":"Sidhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.07.010","article-title":"Long-Term\nInactivation of Bacteriophage\nPRD1 as a Function of Temperature, pH, Sodium, and Calcium Concentration","volume":"103","author":"Schijven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090307134064600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05806-11","article-title":"Norovirus\nInfectivity\nin Humans and Persistence in Water","volume":"77","author":"Seitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ.\nMicrobiol."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.223","article-title":"An Integrated\nCell Absorption Process and Quantitative PCR Assay for the Detection\nof the Infectious Virus in Water","volume":"635","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307134064600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.2.405-410.1998","article-title":"Delineating\nthe Specific Influence of Virus Isoelectric Point and Size on Virus\nAdsorption and Transport Through Sandy Soils","volume":"64","author":"Dowd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166276","article-title":"Modeling the Fate of Viruses in Aquifers:\nMulti-Kinetics\nReactive Transport, Risk Assessment, and Governing Parameters","volume":"903","author":"Rafini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307134064600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2003.8160","article-title":"Virus Retention and Transport as Influenced by Different Forms of\nSoil Organic Matter","volume":"32","author":"Zhuang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307134064600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70109","article-title":"Enteroviruses in Water: Epidemiology,\nDetection and Inactivation","volume":"27","author":"Morvan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307134064600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2010.00698.x","article-title":"Viruses and Bacteria in Karst and\nFractured Rock Aquifers in East Tennessee, USA","volume":"49","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/0471717967","volume-title":"Wastewater Microbiology","author":"Bitton","year":"2005","edition":"3rd"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307134064600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2003.tb10413.x","article-title":"Risk Assessment\nof Waterborne Coxsackievirus","volume":"95","author":"Mena","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works\nAssoc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307134064600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12531","article-title":"Applying Quantitative\nMolecular Tools for Virus Transport\nStudies: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"55","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307134064600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A Simple Method of\nEstimating Fifty Per Cent Endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J.\nEpidemiol."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.06.013","article-title":"Development\nof Single-Step Multiplex Real-time RT-PCR\nAssays for Rapid Diagnosis of Enterovirus 71, Coxsackievirus A6, and\nA16 in Patients with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease","volume":"248","author":"Puenpa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.07.002","article-title":"Virus Inactivation\nin the Presence of Quartz Sand under\nStatic and Dynamic Batch Conditions at Different Temperatures","volume":"233\u2013234","author":"Chrysikopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307134064600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1029\/95WR01231","article-title":"Temporal Moment-Generating Equations:\nModeling Transport\nand Mass Transfer in Heterogeneous Aquifers","volume":"31","author":"Harvey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307134064600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.49.4.778-781.1985","article-title":"Virus Persistence\nin Groundwater","volume":"49","author":"Yates","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307134064600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1029\/95WR00199","article-title":"Analytical\nModels for One-Dimensional Virus Transport\nin Saturated Porous Media","volume":"31","author":"Sim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307134064600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s100409900043","article-title":"Modeling Microbial\nProcesses in Porous Media","volume":"8","author":"Murphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026090307134064600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(01)00215-7","article-title":"Two-Site Kinetic Modeling of Bacteriophages\nTransport through Columns of Saturated Dune Sand","volume":"57","author":"Schijven","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026090307134064600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8686(94)80008-1","article-title":"Kinetics of\nLocalized Adsorption of Colloid Particles","volume":"48","author":"Adamczyk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv.\nColloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307134064600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1029\/1999WR900302","article-title":"Virus Transport\nin Unsaturated Porous Media","volume":"36","author":"Sim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"2026090307134064600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.01.018","article-title":"Infectivity and Genome Persistence\nof Rotavirus and Astrovirus in Groundwater and Surface Water","volume":"42","author":"Espinosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307134064600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01750-08","article-title":"Long-Term Inactivation Study of Three Enteroviruses\nin Artificial Surface and Groundwaters, Using PCR and Cell Culture","volume":"75","author":"de Roda Husman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090307134064600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7318","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05835","article-title":"Viral Aggregation:\nImpact on Virus Behavior in the\nEnvironment","volume":"51","author":"Gerba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307134064600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01763","article-title":"Emerging Pathogenic\nUnit of Vesicle-Cloaked Murine Norovirus Clusters Is Resistant to\nEnvironmental Stresses and UV254 Disinfection","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307134064600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(89)90095-X","article-title":"Survival of Viruses\nin Groundwater","volume":"23","author":"Jansons","year":"1989","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.12.049","article-title":"Viral Persistence in\nSurface and Drinking Water: Suitability\nof PCR Pre-Treatment with Intercalating Dyes","volume":"91","author":"Pre\u0301vost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026090307134064600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(02)00007-4","article-title":"Virus Transport in Physically and\nGeochemically Heterogeneous Subsurface Porous Media","volume":"57","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090307134064600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1021\/es025899u","article-title":"Modeling Colloid\nAttachment, Straining, and Exclusion\nin Saturated Porous Media","volume":"37","author":"Bradford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012465330-6\/50003-8","article-title":"Virus Isolation and Quantitation","volume-title":"Virology\nMethods Manual","author":"Hierholzer","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117051","article-title":"Attenuation and Transport of Human Enteric Viruses and Bacteriophage\nMS2 in Alluvial Sand and Gravel Aquifer Media\u2500Laboratory Studies","volume":"196","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-014-9179-8","article-title":"Transport of Human Adenoviruses in Water Saturated\nLaboratory Columns","volume":"7","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Environ Virol."},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.08.020","article-title":"Relative Transport\nof Human Adenovirus\nand MS2 in Porous Media","volume":"122","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307134064600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020438","article-title":"Viral Aggregation:\nThe Knowns and Unknowns","volume":"14","author":"Pradhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026090307134064600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2021.117035","article-title":"Population\nBalance Modeling of Homogeneous Viral Aggregation","volume":"247","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307134064600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.04.009","article-title":"Influence\nof Water Chemistry and Travel Distance on Bacteriophage PRD-1 Transport\nin a Sandy Aquifer","volume":"39","author":"Blanford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090307134064600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11145","DOI":"10.1021\/es3028764","article-title":"Influence\nof Inorganic Ions on Aggregation and Adsorption Behaviors of Human\nAdenovirus","volume":"46","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c03626","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/34\/24304\/66532295\/acs.est.6c03626.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/34\/24304\/66532295\/acs.est.6c03626.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:13:48Z","timestamp":1788434028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/34\/24304\/5254618\/Transport-and-Attenuation-of-Human-Viruses-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c03626","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]}}}