{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:51:33Z","timestamp":1791903093312,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES034038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES034038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evidence linking ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure to childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) remains mixed. We conducted a cohort study (2001\u20132013) of 1,547,244 Medicaid-enrolled mother-child pairs to assess associations between zip-code\u2013level PM2.5 exposure during preconception (12-week), prenatal (37-week), and postnatal (3-year) periods and children\u2019s NDD risk. Cox proportional hazards models estimated risks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning difficulty (LD), speech\/language disorder, developmental coordination disorder (DCD), intellectual disability, and behavioral disorder, adjusting for demographics, meteorological characteristics, and area-level socioeconomic indicators. Distributed lag models assessed critical exposure windows and cumulative effects. A 10 \u03bcg\/m3 increase in cumulative prenatal PM2.5 exposure was associated with higher ASD risk (Hazard ratio (HR):1.17; 95%CI:1.00,1.37). A critical exposure window for ASD existed during gestational weeks 23\u201331 (HR:1.09 95%CI:[1.02,1.17]). Cumulative prenatal PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased ID risk among Hispanic individuals (HR:1.57 95%CI:[1.02,2.43]) but not among other races\/ethnicities. Postnatal PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased ADHD risk (HR:1.17 95%CI:[0.94,1.46]) at age 0 years and DCD risk (HR:1.72 95%CI:[0.97,3.07]) at age 1 year. No associations between PM2.5 exposure and other NDDs were found. Prenatal and postnatal PM2.5 exposure may increase the risk of some NDDs among low-income U.S. children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:02:10Z","timestamp":1790650930000},"page":"28312-28324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preconception,\nPrenatal\nand Postnatal PM2.5 Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Disorder\nRisk among Medicaid Recipients"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0259-9101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Shupler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. 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Chan School of Public Health , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115"]},{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista F.","family":"Huybrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Hernandez-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayon Michelle","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. 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