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Here, by the gas-nebulization method, we generated droplets containing nonanoic acid (NA), a ubiquitous surface-active fatty acid in atmospheric aerosols, and systematically examined its influence on interfacial H2O2 formation. Increasing the NA concentration slightly suppressed H2O2 production primarily via scavenging its precursor \u2022OH. Notably, as different inorganic salts were added to surfactant-containing droplets, H2O2 production displayed a distinct \u201cV-shaped\u201d trend with the salt concentration. This salt-induced \u201cV-shaped\u201d dependence closely mirrors surface tension variation reported for bulk surfactant solutions. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations revealed that salt-induced deeper anchoring of the NA headgroup at the H2O2 minimum may enable optimal packing of NA, thereby increasing the interfacial NA concentration, enhancing \u2022OH scavenging and suppressing H2O2 formation. Similar concentration-driven suppression is also observed for two charged surfactants, while salt responses diverge, with \u201cV-shaped\u201d behavior occurring only for headgroups capable of hydrogen bonding with interfacial water. These findings demonstrate that spontaneous H2O2 formation at droplet interfaces is governed by the coupled effects of inorganic salts and surfactants, which commonly coexist in atmospheric aerosol droplets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:00:37Z","timestamp":1785128437000},"page":"21815-21824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inorganic Salts\nModulate Spontaneous Interfacial H2O2 Formation\nin Surfactant-Containing Atmospheric\nDroplets"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3130-5929","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhongyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Angelaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoan","family":"Carreira Mendes Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-0058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510640"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7367-7595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]},{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9746-4466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuting","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurentiu-Gabriel","family":"Movila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8123-6389","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adrien","family":"Gandolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5859-3070","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianmin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1578-7056","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256 , ,","place":["Villeurbanne, France, F-69626"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026081110083808500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c12586","article-title":"Charged Microdroplets as Microelectrochemical Cells\nfor CO 2 Reduction and C\u2013C Coupling","volume":"146","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110083808500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c12731","article-title":"Spontaneous Reduction\nby One Electron on Water Microdroplets Facilitates Direct Carboxylation\nwith CO2","volume":"145","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081110083808500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c00037","article-title":"Spontaneous Reduction\nof Transition Metal Ions by One Electron in Water Microdroplets and\nthe Atmospheric Implications","volume":"145","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081110083808500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c13661","article-title":"Counterintuitive\nOxidation of Alcohols at Air\u2013Water Interfaces","volume":"145","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081110083808500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11240","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c00050","article-title":"Spontaneous\nReaction between CO2 and Organic Acids in Water Microdroplets:\nImplications for\nthe Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols","volume":"148","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"42","key":"2026081110083808500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12960","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201602270","article-title":"Organic\nReactions in Microdroplets:\nReaction Acceleration Revealed by Mass Spectrometry","volume":"55","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. 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Soc."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081110083808500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6450","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC08098J","article-title":"Deciphering the Mechanism of Hydrogen\nPeroxide Formation in Ultrasound-Mediated Water-in-Oil Microdroplets","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026081110083808500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10035","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.2c01721","article-title":"Spontaneous Formation of Hydrogen\nPeroxide in Water Microdroplets","volume":"13","author":"Heindel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nLett."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026081110083808500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27768","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c06512","article-title":"Specific Ion Properties Induce Spontaneous H2 O2 Production at the Air\u2013Water Interface","volume":"147","author":"Carreira Mendes Da Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081110083808500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c09864","article-title":"Deciphering\nthe Kinetics of Spontaneous\nGeneration of H 2 O 2 in Individual Water Microdroplets","volume":"146","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026081110083808500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25889","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c07356","article-title":"pH Affects the Spontaneous\nFormation of H2 O2 at the Air\u2013Water Interfaces","volume":"146","author":"Angelaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081110083808500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2315940121","article-title":"Dependence on Relative\nHumidity in the Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Water Droplets","volume":"121","author":"Mofidfar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081110083808500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/2016RG000540","article-title":"Recent Advances\nin Understanding Secondary Organic Aerosol: Implications for Global\nClimate Forcing","volume":"55","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"2026081110083808500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/128_2012_404","article-title":"Surface-Active\nOrganics in Atmospheric Aerosols","volume-title":"Atmospheric\nand Aerosol Chemistry","author":"McNeill","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081110083808500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500648z","article-title":"Heterogeneous Photochemistry in the\nAtmosphere","volume":"115","author":"George","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. 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Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081110083808500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10924","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00173","article-title":"Measuring the Surface Tension of\nAtmospheric Particles and Relevant Mixtures to Better Understand Key\nAtmospheric Processes","volume":"124","author":"El Haber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"S1","key":"2026081110083808500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02987424","article-title":"The Effect of Surfactants on Oxygen\nMass-Transfer through the Air\u2013Water Interface","volume":"9","author":"Mo\u0308lder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081110083808500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1021\/es00080a002","article-title":"Atmospheric Hydrogen\nPeroxide","volume":"24","author":"Sakugawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081110083808500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04053","article-title":"Analysis\nof Organic Anionic Surfactants in Fine and Coarse Fractions of Freshly\nEmitted Sea Spray Aerosol","volume":"50","author":"Cochran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081110083808500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC06465G","article-title":"On the Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide in Water Microdroplets","volume":"13","author":"Gallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026081110083808500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209056119","article-title":"Water\u2013Solid Contact Electrification Causes Hydrogen\nPeroxide Production from Hydroxyl Radical Recombination in Sprayed\nMicrodroplets","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S.\nA."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081110083808500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16028","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c03041","article-title":"Surfactant Partitioning Dynamics\nin Freshly Generated Aerosol Droplets","volume":"146","author":"Bain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am.\nChem. Soc."},{"issue":"44","key":"2026081110083808500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11131","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.4c02736","article-title":"Accelerated Zymonic Acid Formation from Pyruvic Acid\nat the Interface of Aqueous Nanodroplets","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J.\nPhys. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026081110083808500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx4507","article-title":"Humidity Drives\nSpontaneous OH Oxidation of Organic Particles","volume":"11","author":"Angelaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081110083808500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5565","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00960","article-title":"Hydrophilicity\nof Nonanoic Acid and\nIts Conjugate Base at the Air\/Water Interface","volume":"2","author":"Badban","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081110083808500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1039\/b300072a","article-title":"Temperature-Dependent\nRate Constants\nfor Hydroxyl Radical Reactions with Organic Compounds in Aqueous Solutions","volume":"5","author":"Ervens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081110083808500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020658q","article-title":"Kinetics of\nAqueous Phase Reactions Relevant for Atmospheric Chemistry","volume":"103","author":"Herrmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. 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