{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:15:19Z","timestamp":1788221719765,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,8,13]],"date-time":"2027-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1818115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"German Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB 1357 391977956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1357 391977956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Measurements of oxidative stress are often performed to assess a species\u2019 general sublethal stress response to a pollutant. However, oxidative stress bioassays often produce seemingly ambiguous results, and the drivers that lead to these differences are largely unknown. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, ROS-associated damage products, enzyme activities, and gene expression levels in response to exposures to two groups of pollutants, nano- and microplastic particles (NMP) and neonicotinoid insecticides (neonics). Based on 2294 ROS-related measurements extracted from 45 studies, we show that measured effects vary substantially, with a strong overlap of measured effects with zero. As likely drivers of this variance, we identified multiple parameters of experimental design and pollutant properties. Finally, we performed data simulations and power analyses to investigate how well single experiments are able to detect oxidative stress-related effects. While most oxidative stress markers achieve sufficient power (80%) to demonstrate effects with sample sizes N &amp;lt; 20, conclusions derived from single studies with low sample sizes (N &amp;lt; 5) are at risk of being less informative than previously assumed. Our results highlight the importance of considering pollutant properties, experimental design, and sample size when measuring oxidative stress markers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T01:02:09Z","timestamp":1786669329000},"page":"23124-23133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oxidative Stress\nafter Pollutant Exposure Depends\nStrongly on Experimental Design and Pollutant Properties in Annelids:\nA Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3672-4820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Max V. R.","family":"Do\u0308ring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bayreuth , , ,","place":["Bayreuth, Germany, 95440"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6797-5126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heike","family":"Feldhaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bayreuth , , ,","place":["Bayreuth, Germany, 95440"]},{"name":"Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , ,","place":["Bayreuth, Germany, 95440"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5791-4724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana L.","family":"Antonio Vital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bayreuth , , ,","place":["Bayreuth, Germany, 95440"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0074-6067","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Magdalena M.","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , ,","place":["Bayreuth, Germany, 95440"]},{"name":"University of Bayreuth , , ,","place":["Bayreuth, Germany, 95440"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026083119450322000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00591-z","article-title":"Guidelines for measuring reactive oxygen species and\noxidative damage in cells and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Murphy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat.\nMetab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119450322000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(74)80281-4","article-title":"Superoxide\nradicals as precursors of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide","volume":"42","author":"Loschen","year":"1974","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119450322000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081386","article-title":"How mitochondria\nproduce reactive oxygen species","volume":"417","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119450322000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2005","article-title":"The NOX family of\nROS-generating NADPH oxidases: Physiology\nand pathophysiology","volume":"87","author":"Bedard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026083119450322000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive oxygen\nspecies (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological\nsignalling agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119450322000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03208-7","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species: Beyond their reactive behavior","volume":"46","author":"Tauffenberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026083119450322000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-011-0276-3","article-title":"Regulation of reactive oxygen species\ngeneration in cell signaling","volume":"32","author":"Bae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119450322000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.003.03.010","article-title":"Cell proliferation,\nreactive oxygen and cellular glutathione","volume":"3","author":"Day","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.12.019","article-title":"Catalase activity is stimulated by H2O2 in rich culture medium and is required for H2O2 resistance and adaptation in yeast","volume":"2","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026083119450322000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2010.08.002","article-title":"Vitamin\nE and C supplementation reduces oxidative stress, improves antioxidant\nenzymes and positive muscle work in chronically loaded muscles of\naged rats","volume":"45","author":"Ryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5_2","article-title":"Ultraviolet\nLight Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume-title":"Ultraviolet Light in Human Health, Diseases and Environment","author":"De Jager","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2020.02.006","article-title":"Air pollution causing oxidative stress","volume":"20-21","author":"Leni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. 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Hazard.\nMater."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2021.808335","article-title":"Interaction\nof insecticides and fungicides in bees","volume":"1","author":"Schuhmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front.\nInsect Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026083119450322000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-022-03267-5","article-title":"Neonicotinoids:\nmechanisms of systemic toxicity based on oxidative stress-mitochondrial\ndamage","volume":"96","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112690","article-title":"Neonicotinoid insecticides\ntriggers mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction via manipulating ROS-calcium\ninflux pathway in the liver","volume":"224","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit31","first-page":"302","article-title":"Microsomal\nLipid Peroxidation","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Buege","year":"1978"},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit32","unstructured":"Wickham, H.; Franc\u0327ois, R.; Henry, L.; Mu\u0308ller, K.; Vaughan, D.\n          Dplyr: A Grammar\nof Data Manipulation.\nR package version 1.1.4\n          2023\n          https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dplyr (accessed November 21, 2024)."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026083119450322000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14152","article-title":"orchaRd 2.0:\nAn R package for visualising meta-analyses with orchard plots","volume":"14","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. 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Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119450322000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045186","article-title":"The statistical\npower of abnormal-social psychological research: A review","volume":"65","author":"Cohen","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119450322000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.402","article-title":"Sizing fixed effects\nfor computing power in experimental\ndesigns","volume":"17","author":"Oehlert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2023.108940","article-title":"Microplastics effects\non soil biota are dependent on their properties: A meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.11.102","article-title":"Effects\nof the neonicotinoids acetamiprid and thiacloprid in their commercial\nformulations on soil fauna","volume":"194","author":"Renaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162854","article-title":"Randomly-shaped\nnanoplastics induced stronger biotoxicity targeted to earthworm Eisenia fetida species: Differential effects and the underlying\nmechanisms of realistic and commercial polystyrene nanoplastics","volume":"877","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161403","article-title":"Global Meta-analysis\nreveals differential effects of microplastics\non soil ecosystem","volume":"867","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/plc.2024.6","article-title":"Mitochondria as\na target of micro- and nanoplastic\ntoxicity","volume":"2","author":"Yo\u0308ntem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Camb. Prisms: Plast."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101620","article-title":"Micro- and\nnano-plastics activation of oxidative and\ninflammatory adverse outcome pathways","volume":"37","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox\nBiol."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127961","article-title":"Supposedly\nidentical microplastic particles substantially differ in their material\nproperties influencing particle-cell interactions and cellular responses","volume":"425","author":"Ramsperger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119450322000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45281-4","article-title":"Nominally\nidentical\nmicroplastic models differ greatly in their particle-cell interactions","volume":"15","author":"Wieland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Biochem."},{"key":"2026083119450322000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/698_2011_112","article-title":"Additives in the\nPlastics Industry","volume-title":"Global Risk-Based Management\nof Chemical Additives I","author":"Van Oers","year":"2011"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026083119450322000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7930","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07718","article-title":"Reconstructing the environmental\ndegradation of polystyrene\nby accelerated weathering","volume":"55","author":"Meides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"44","key":"2026083119450322000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16788","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04097","article-title":"Microplastics - back\nto reality: Impact of pristine and aged microplastics in soil on earthworm Eisenia fetida under environmentally relevant conditions","volume":"57","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026083119450322000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11692","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c03057","article-title":"Quality criteria for microplastic effect studies in\nthe context of risk assessment: A critical review","volume":"54","author":"De Ruijter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c03847","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/33\/23124\/66538451\/acs.est.6c03847.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/33\/23124\/66538451\/acs.est.6c03847.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:45:09Z","timestamp":1788219909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/33\/23124\/5254991\/Oxidative-Stress-after-Pollutant-Exposure-Depends"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c03847","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]}}}