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However, conventional approaches based on single methods often fail to accurately characterize background carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, limiting the reliability of regional carbon accounting. An integrated forest carbon sink monitoring framework was developed and applied in Kunyu Mountain, China, for reconstructing net ecosystem productivity (NEP). Within this framework, satellite observations, mobile ground-based measurements, the Gradient Boosting Regression Trees (GBRT) algorithm, and the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator model were combined. With the GBRT-derived prior CO2 field incorporated, the BEPS model\u2019s performance improved: the correlation between simulations and observations increased from 0.571 to 0.802. Results indicate that Kunyu Mountain\u2019s NEP exhibited a sustained increase, with a marked acceleration after 2016, coinciding with China\u2019s 13th Five-Year Plan, leading to a &amp;gt;40% rise in annual carbon sequestration by 2024 relative to 2001. Seasonal analyses likewise indicate that the carbon uptake period became both longer and more intense. Further attribution analysis reveals that ecological conservation policies generated an additional 5%\u20137% increase (approximately 30\u201350 gC\u00b7m\u20132). This framework provides a novel approach to more accurately account for regional carbon sinks and evaluate the effectiveness of ecological policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:35:04Z","timestamp":1782318904000},"page":"21024-21038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Forest\nCarbon Sink Accounting Using Integrated\nSatellite-Ground Observations, Machine Learning, and Ecological Process\nModeling"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7525-6228","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xinhua","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangshan University , , ,","place":["Huangshan, China, 245041"]},{"name":"Huangshan Observation and Research Station for Land-Water Resources , ,","place":["Huangshan, China, 245400"]},{"name":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangshan University , , ,","place":["Huangshan, China, 245041"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Science and Technology University , , ,","place":["Chuzhou, China, 231000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuexin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangshan Observation and Research Station for Land-Water Resources , ,","place":["Huangshan, China, 245400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunli","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangshan University , , ,","place":["Huangshan, China, 245041"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangshan University , , ,","place":["Huangshan, China, 245041"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230031"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230031"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230031"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230031"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangshan University , , ,","place":["Huangshan, China, 245041"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangshan University , , ,","place":["Huangshan, China, 245041"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huangshan University , , ,","place":["Huangshan, China, 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