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However, its effectiveness relies on the temporal alignment between the price incentives and grid dynamics. To overcome the challenge of coordinating electricity pricing with V2G deployment, we integrated a Bayesian optimization framework into a unit commitment model of the 2030 Jing\u2013Jin\u2013Tang power grid. Results demonstrate that current static time-of-use tariffs incentivize EV fleets to discharge during midday solar peak hours. This behavior displaces zero-marginal-cost renewable generation and forces pumped storage hydropower units to absorb excess fleet discharge. Optimizing tariffs could reduce average net load, operating costs, and CO2 emissions. In summary, the synergistic interaction between V2G and dynamic pricing shows a dual effect: it reduces costs for both the grid and EV owners but, conversely, can increase CO2 emissions due to excessive EV participation. Our results demonstrate that a shift toward dynamic, carbon-aware pricing mechanisms is essential to ensure that widespread V2G deployment effectively supports decarbonization goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:01:54Z","timestamp":1788490914000},"page":"29366-29378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Time-of-Use Pricing\nEnhances Vehicle-to-Grid Benefits\nfor Power Systems and Vehicle Owners but May Undermine Decarbonization"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Bowen","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9227-519X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology , , , ,","place":["Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 02139"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]},{"name":"Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 102209"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1705-6444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ford Motor Company , , Jindi Center, No. 91 Jianguo Street , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100022"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0878-5271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ford Motor Company , , , ,","place":["Dearborn, Michigan, United States, 48121-2053"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wangbang Digital Energy Co., Ltd. , , , ,","place":["Changzhou, Jiangsu, China, 213000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wangbang Digital Energy Co., Ltd. , , , ,","place":["Changzhou, Jiangsu, China, 213000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2176-6174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shaojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]},{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5063-3776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , 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Guidance on further construction of high quality charging infrastructure\nsystem, 2023."},{"key":"2026102007514504700_cit15","unstructured":"Ministry of Transport.\n          . Guidance on promoting\nthe integrated development of transportation and energy, 2025."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102007514504700_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-022-01105-7","article-title":"Charging infrastructure\naccess and operation to reduce the grid impacts of deep electric vehicle\nadoption","volume":"7","author":"Powell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102007514504700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49157-5","article-title":"Comparing\ncosts and climate impacts\nof various electric vehicle charging systems across the United States","volume":"15","author":"Horesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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The 14th Five Year development plan for new energy vehicle charging\nand swapping facilities in Beijing, 2022."},{"key":"2026102007514504700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etran.2025.100470","article-title":"Optimizing the charging\nbehaviors of private BEVs to enhance coordinated charging and V2G\nin Beijing","volume":"26","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"eTransportation"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026102007514504700_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017318118","article-title":"Assessment\nof battery\nutilization and energy consumption in the large-scale development\nof urban electric vehicles","volume":"118","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad.\nSci. 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Notice on Doing a Good Job in Signing Medium- and Long-Term Contracts\nfor Electricity in 2021, 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102007514504700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0133-0","article-title":"Impacts of fleet types and charging\nmodes for electric vehicles on\nemissions under different penetrations of wind power","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2026102007514504700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.svgr.2023.109798","article-title":"A computationally\nefficient\npumped storage hydro optimization in the look-ahead unit commitment\nand real-time market dispatch under uncertainty","volume":"225","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. 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