{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T17:24:10Z","timestamp":1787073850504,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AGS-2109011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-2109011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AGS-2109240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-2109240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AGS-2220307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-2220307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biomass burning (BB) is a major organic aerosol source during urban winter pollution events. BB particles are rich in brown carbon (BrC) and absorb light to produce photooxidants such as oxidizing triplet excited states of organic chromophores (3C*). In midlatitudes, semivolatile phenols (ArOH) from BB are oxidized to form phenolic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) under moderate temperatures and sunlight. Here, we explore whether phenolic SOA is also formed in a cold, relatively dark, high-latitude city during winter. We use measurements from the 2022 ALPACA field campaign in Fairbanks, Alaska, incorporated into the PACT-1D model with added emissions, partitioning, and chemistry for 34 semivolatile BB phenols. The model includes phenol oxidation in the gas phase and in two populations of particles\u2500aqueous and organic. Despite short pollutant residence times within the polluted surface layer, simulated phenolic SOA formation is fast, generating up to 4.5 \u03bcg m\u20133, with 99% produced by 3C* in organic particles. The modeled phenolic SOA explains up to 34% of measured daytime oxidized organic aerosol (OOA), indicating it is a significant portion of the poorly understood OOA in Fairbanks. Our results reveal that BrC photochemistry can be an important source of atmospheric oxidizing capacity even during high-latitude winters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c03997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:04:53Z","timestamp":1785852293000},"page":"22748-22758","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid\nWintertime Formation of Phenolic Secondary Organic\nAerosol from Brown Carbon Photochemistry"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6716-4661","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura M. D.","family":"Heinlein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Davis, California, United States, 95616"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6953-3281","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonas","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ , , , ,","place":["Marseille, France, 13331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Temime-Roussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ , , , ,","place":["Marseille, France, 13331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina Cysneiros de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis , , , ,","place":["St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63130"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallory","family":"Liebes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University , , , ,","place":["Logan, Utah, United States, 84321"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-038X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fangzhou","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77204"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"James H.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77204"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3152-0354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyle","family":"Moor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University , , , ,","place":["Logan, Utah, United States, 84321"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis , , , ,","place":["St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63130"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"D\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ , , , ,","place":["Marseille, France, 13331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Stutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5373-0459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cort","family":"Anastasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Davis, California, United States, 95616"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit1","unstructured":"American Lung Association.\n          . Most Polluted\nCities2026https:\/\/www.lung.org\/research\/sota\/key-findings\/most-polluted-places. [Last accessed: January 14, 2026]."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit2","unstructured":"Simpson, W.; Law, K.; Schmale, J.; Pratt, K.; Arnold, S.; Mao, J.; Alexander, B.; Anenberg, S.; Baklanov, A.; Bell, D.; Brown, S.; Creamean, J.; de Boer, G.; DeCarlo, P.; Descari, S.; Elleman, R.; Flynn, J.; Fochesatto, J.; Ganzenfeld, L.; Griffin, R.; Ja\u0308rvi, L.; Kaspari, S.; Konstantinov, P.; Murphy, J.; Peta\u0308ja\u0308, T.; Pye, H.; Jean-Christophe Raut, J.-C.; Roberts, T.; Shiraiwa, M.; Stutz, J.; Thomas, J.; Thornton, J.; Weber, R.; Webley, P.; Williams, B.\n          Alaskan Layered Pollution And\nChemical Analysis (ALPACA) White Paper. 2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810402849400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.3c00076","article-title":"Overview of the Alaskan\nLayered Pollution and Chemical Analysis (ALPACA) Field Experiment","volume":"1","author":"Simpson","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Air"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081810402849400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14826","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL085498","article-title":"Anthropogenic\nControl Over Wintertime\nOxidation of Atmospheric Pollutants","volume":"46","author":"Haskins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys.\nRes. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810402849400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-5087-2025","article-title":"Hydrogen Peroxide\nPhotoformation in Particulate Matter and Its Contribution to S(IV)\nOxidation During Winter in Fairbanks, Alaska","volume":"25","author":"Sunday","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810402849400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.3c00023","article-title":"Primary Sulfate\nIs the Dominant Source of Particulate Sulfate during Winter in Fairbanks,\nAlaska","volume":"1","author":"Moon","year":"2024","journal-title":"ES&T Air"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810402849400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.4c00012","article-title":"Hydroxymethanesulfonate\nand Sulfur(IV) in Fairbanks Winter During the ALPACA Study","volume":"1","author":"Dingilian","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Air"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026081810402849400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9561","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-9561-2025","article-title":"Surprisingly\nRobust Photochemistry\nin Subarctic Particles During Winter: Evidence from Photooxidants","volume":"25","author":"Heinlein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21104","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c00181","article-title":"Atmospheric Mixing\nControls Air Pollution Chemistry and Mitigation Efficacy in High-Latitude\nCities","volume":"60","author":"Kuhn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081810402849400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00232","article-title":"Quantifying Contributions\nof Sulfate, Hydroxymethanesulfonate, and Additional S(IV) Compounds\nto Wintertime Aerosol Particles","volume":"2","author":"Holen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS ES&T\nAir"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081810402849400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11789","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-11789-2025","article-title":"Complementary\nAerosol Mass Spectrometry\nElucidates Sources of Wintertime Sub-Micron Particle Pollution in\nFairbanks, Alaska, during ALPACA 2022","volume":"25","author":"Ijaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810402849400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EA00008K","article-title":"Multi-Year,\nHigh-Time Resolution Aerosol Chemical Composition and Mass Measurements\nfrom Fairbanks, Alaska","volume":"4","author":"Robinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Atmos."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810402849400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2011.11.0208","article-title":"Source\nApportionment of PM2.5 in a Subarctic Airshed - Fairbanks, Alaska","volume":"12","author":"Ward","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EA00140C","article-title":"Wintertime Spatial\nPatterns of Particulate Matter in\nFairbanks, AK during ALPACA 2022","volume":"3","author":"Robinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.:\nAtmos."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810402849400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-26-3185-2026","article-title":"Characteristics and\nProcessing of Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosols during Autumn in\nSuburban Eastern China: Role of Aerosol Liquid Water, Aerosol Acidity,\nand Photochemistry","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810402849400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1021\/es0108988","article-title":"Chemical Characterization of Fine\nParticle Emissions from the Fireplace Combustion of Woods Grown in\nthe Southern United States","volume":"36","author":"Fine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810402849400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1021\/es001331e","article-title":"Measurement of\nEmissions from Air Pollution Sources. 3. C1-C29 Organic Compounds\nfrom Fireplace Combustion of Wood","volume":"35","author":"Schauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157582","article-title":"Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Attributed to Phenols\nfrom Biomass Burning","volume":"847","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081810402849400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10227","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP06095D","article-title":"Aqueous Benzene-Diols\nReact with\nan Organic Triplet Excited State and Hydroxyl Radical to Form Secondary\nOrganic Aerosol","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810402849400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5772","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c00575","article-title":"Kinetics and\nMass Yields of Aqueous Secondary Organic\nAerosol from Highly Substituted Phenols Reacting with a Triplet Excited\nState","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026081810402849400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9959","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02225","article-title":"Aqueous \u00b7OH Oxidation of Highly\nSubstituted Phenols as a Source of Secondary Organic Aerosol","volume":"56","author":"Arciva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158895","article-title":"Aqueous-Phase Chemistry\nof Atmospheric Phenolic Compounds: A Critical\nReview of Laboratory Studies","volume":"856","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026081810402849400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10013","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602212113","article-title":"Direct\nObservation of Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosol from Biomass-Burning\nEmissions","volume":"113","author":"Gilardoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081810402849400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8805","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-8805-2023","article-title":"Predicting\nPhotooxidant Concentrations in Aerosol Liquid Water Based on Laboratory\nExtracts of Ambient Particles","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem.\nPhys."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810402849400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07762","article-title":"Modeling Novel Aqueous\nParticle and\nCloud Chemistry Processes of Biomass Burning Phenols and Their Potential\nto Form Secondary Organic Aerosols","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810402849400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06699","article-title":"First Measurements of Organic Triplet Excited States\nin Atmospheric Waters","volume":"52","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810402849400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6579","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-6579-2019","article-title":"Photooxidants from Brown Carbon and\nOther Chromophores in Illuminated Particle Extracts","volume":"19","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810402849400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.4c00295","article-title":"Tropospheric\nMultiphase Chemistry: Excited Triplet States Compete with OH Radicals\nand Singlet Molecular Oxygen","volume":"9","author":"Petersen-Sonn","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space\nChem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810402849400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-1-2024","article-title":"Seasonal Variations\nin Photooxidant Formation and Light Absorption in Aqueous Extracts\nof Ambient Particles","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810402849400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1021\/es4045715","article-title":"Secondary\nOrganic Aerosol Production from Aqueous Reactions of Atmospheric Phenols\nwith an Organic Triplet Excited State","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137953","article-title":"Secondary\nOrganic Aerosol Formation from 3C*-Initiated Oxidation\nof 4-Ethylguaiacol in Atmospheric Aqueous-Phase","volume":"723","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081810402849400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10357","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c10778","article-title":"Aqueous Oxidation\nof Biomass-Burning Furans by Singlet\nMolecular Oxygen (1O2*)","volume":"59","author":"Arciva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810402849400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.5c00033","article-title":"Modeling the Tropospheric\nAqueous-Phase Chemistry of\nPhotosensitizers under Wildfire-Plume and Urban Conditions with CAPRAM-PS1.0","volume":"9","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit34","unstructured":"Michael, S.; Laura, H.; Junwei, H.; Sukriti, K.; et al.\n          Photoformation\nof Hydrogen Peroxide by Water- and Organic-Soluble Chromophores in\nAmbient Particles\n          In preparation."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810402849400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00462","article-title":"Singlet Oxygen\nand Triplet Excited\nState Organics Produced by Primary Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol\nfrom Wood, Dung, Straw, and Plastic Fuels: Role of Solvent-Dependent\nPhotochemistry","volume":"3","author":"Sardena","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Air."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesler-Maloney, M.; Simpson, W.; Kuhn, J.; Stutz, J.; Thomas, J.; Roberts, T.; Huff, D.; Cooperdock, S.\n          Shallow Boundary Layer Heights Controlled\nby the Surface-Based Temperature Inversion Strength Are Responsible\nfor Trapping Home Heating Emissions near the Ground Level in Fairbanks,\nAlaska. 202410.5194\/egusphere-2023-3082.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2023-3082-supplement"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081810402849400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD034689","article-title":"Quantifying Nitrous Acid Formation Mechanisms Using Measured Vertical\nProfiles During the CalNex 2010 Campaign and 1D Column Modeling","volume":"126","author":"Tuite","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FD00176A","article-title":"The Interplay\nbetween Snow and Polluted Air Masses in Cold Urban Environments","volume":"258","author":"Kuhn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810402849400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD036215","article-title":"Differences in Ozone and Particulate Matter Between\nGround Level and 20 m Aloft Are Frequent During Wintertime Surface-Based\nTemperature Inversions in Fairbanks, Alaska","volume":"127","author":"Cesler-Maloney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026081810402849400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado4373","article-title":"Enhanced Aqueous Formation and Neutralization of Fine Atmospheric\nParticles Driven by Extreme Cold","volume":"10","author":"Campbell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado4373","article-title":"Enhanced Aqueous Formation and Neutralization of Fine Atmospheric\nParticles Driven by Extreme Cold","volume":"10","author":"Campbell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810402849400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00030","article-title":"Estimating Power Plant Contributions\nto Surface Pollution\nin a Wintertime Arctic Environment","volume":"2","author":"Brett","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS ES&T\nAir"},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136760","article-title":"Nitrated Phenols and the Phenolic Precursors in the Atmosphere in\nUrban Jinan, China","volume":"714","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810402849400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-97072019000204407","article-title":"Atmospheric Phenolic Derivatives\nas Tracers in an Urban Area","volume":"64","author":"Rubio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem.\nSoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810402849400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD036140","article-title":"The Role of Snow in\nControlling Halogen Chemistry and Boundary Layer Oxidation During\nArctic Spring: A 1D Modeling Case Study","volume":"127","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\nGeophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit46","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry\nand Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change","author":"Seinfeld","year":"2016","edition":"3"},{"key":"2026081810402849400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-016674-2.50006-6","article-title":"High-Dispersed\nAerosols","volume-title":"Topics in Current Aerosol Research","author":"Fuchs","year":"1971"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810402849400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5021","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-5021-2019","article-title":"Aqueous Reactions\nof Organic Triplet Excited States with Atmospheric Alkenes","volume":"19","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. 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