{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:53:34Z","timestamp":1791910414723,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011878","name":"Vlaamse regering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011878","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1296523N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1296523N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G026222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G026222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds","award":["ORCKBPLM25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORCKBPLM25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early childhood is a sensitive developmental period during which environmental conditions may shape stress regulation and behavioral functioning. Green environments have been associated with improved child well-being, yet evidence linking early childhood green space exposure to long-term stress physiology remains limited. We examined associations between residential and school-based green space exposure, chronic stress, and behavioral outcomes in 4- to 6-year-old children from the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. Green space was quantified at high spatial resolution. Nail cortisol was used as a biomarker of long-term hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis activity, and behavioral functioning was evaluated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Associations were analyzed using adjusted multiple regression models, and mediation by nail cortisol was tested. Residential green space was associated with reduced nail cortisol, with a decrease of 11.8% (95% CI: \u221221.5%, \u22120.97%) per IQR increase of low green vegetation within 100 m and of \u221210.3% (95% CI: \u221219.2%, \u22120.47%) within 300 m buffers. Residential green space was also inversely associated with several behavioral domains. No mediation by nail cortisol was observed. These findings suggest that residential green space, particularly in the close residential environment, may support better behavioral development and lower long-term stress in early childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c04150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:01:17Z","timestamp":1790856077000},"page":"28325-28337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of\nEarly-Childhood Residential Green\nSpace Exposure with Nail Cortisol Levels and Behavior in Young Children:\nInsights from the ENVIR\n                    <i>ON<\/i>\n                    AGE Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-6901","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lore","family":"Verheyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Alfano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne","family":"Sleurs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Giesberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esme\u0301e","family":"Bijnens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]},{"name":"Open Universiteit , , ,","place":["Heerlen, the Netherlands, 6419 AT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3634-4633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Reimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7893-3642","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dries S.","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Ottoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]},{"name":"PXL University College , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]},{"name":"KU Leuven , , ,","place":["Leuven, Belgium, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1886-286X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Malina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim S.","family":"Nawrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]},{"name":"KU Leuven , , ,","place":["Leuven, Belgium, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-9722","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle","family":"Plusquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University , , ,","place":["Diepenbeek, Belgium, 3590"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310174703700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.01.011","article-title":"Imaging the developing\nbrain: what have we learned about cognitive development?","volume":"9","author":"Casey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"issue":"s4","key":"2026101310174703700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04057.x","article-title":"Developmental programming of early brain and behaviour\ndevelopment and mental health: a conceptual framework","volume":"53","author":"Van Den Bergh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310174703700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2639","article-title":"Effects of stress throughout\nthe lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition","volume":"10","author":"Lupien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00073","article-title":"Early-Life Stress, HPA Axis Adaptation,\nand Mechanisms Contributing to Later Health Outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Maniam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02318-8_6","article-title":"Green Spaces and\nChild Health and Development","volume-title":"Biodiversity\nand Health in the Face of Climate Change","author":"Dadvand","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6998","key":"2026101310174703700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal\norigins of coronary heart disease","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit7","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Developmental\nOrigins of Health and Disease","volume-title":"Early Life\nOrigins of Health and Disease.","author":"Gluckman","year":"2006"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310174703700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270579","article-title":"Developmental aspects\nof a life course approach to\nhealthy ageing","volume":"594","author":"Hanson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310174703700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2","article-title":"Social regulation of\nthe cortisol levels in early human\ndevelopment","volume":"27","author":"Gunnar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102514","article-title":"Effect of nature exposure on perceived\nand physiologic stress: A systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Shuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complementary Ther Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310174703700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579422000773","article-title":"Non-linear associations\nbetween HPA\naxis activity during infancy and mental health difficulties during\nearly childhood among children in rural Pakistan","volume":"35","author":"Frost","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310174703700_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2021.1985107","article-title":"Children\u2019s hair\ncortisol and hair testosterone concentrations in response to environmental\nchanges: from summer holidays to school","volume":"24","author":"Schmid-Zalaudek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00859","article-title":"The Relationship Between Green Space and Prosocial Behaviour Among\nChildren and Adolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Putra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310174703700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408215","article-title":"Green\nand blue spaces\nand behavioral development in Barcelona schoolchildren: the BREATHE\nproject","volume":"122","author":"Amoly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310174703700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110505445","article-title":"Green perspectives for public health:\na narrative review on the physiological effects of experiencing outdoor\nnature","volume":"11","author":"Haluza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit16","first-page":"340","volume-title":"The Experience of Nature:\nA Psychological Perspective","author":"Kaplan","year":"1989"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310174703700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-4944(95)90001-2","article-title":"The restorative\nbenefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework","volume":"15","author":"Kaplan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310174703700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062802","article-title":"Greenspace\nInterventions, Stress\nand Cortisol: A Scoping Review","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ.\nRes. Public Health."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.030","article-title":"The health benefits\nof the great outdoors: A systematic review and\nmeta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes","volume":"166","author":"Twohig-Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310174703700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003213","article-title":"Residential\ngreen space and child intelligence and behavior across urban, suburban,\nand rural areas in Belgium: A longitudinal birth cohort study of twins","volume":"17","author":"Bijnens","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Med."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3539-9_4","article-title":"Aesthetic and\nAffective Response to Natural Environment","volume-title":"Behavior and the Natural Environment.","author":"Ulrich","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80184-7","article-title":"Stress Recovery During Exposure to\nNatural and Urban\nEnvironments","volume":"11","author":"Ulrich","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol. J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310174703700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.06.003","article-title":"Green space and physical\nactivity: An observational study using Health Survey for England data","volume":"18","author":"Mytton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310174703700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.11.020","article-title":"The relationship\nof physical activity\nand overweight to objectively measured green space accessibility and\nuse","volume":"70","author":"Coombes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310174703700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2011.09.003","article-title":"A study of\ncommunity design, greenness, and physical activity in children using\nsatellite, GPS and accelerometer data","volume":"18","author":"Almanza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health\nPlace"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310174703700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.171","article-title":"A prospective examination\nof children\u2019s time\nspent outdoors, objectively measured physical activity and overweight","volume":"32","author":"Cleland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.02.023","article-title":"Neighbourhood\nand physical activity in German\nadolescents: GINIplus and LISAplus","volume":"147","author":"Markevych","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ.\nRes."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310174703700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-022-01760-w","article-title":"Nature, smells, and human wellbeing","volume":"52","author":"Bentley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310174703700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-004951","article-title":"Positive health effects\nof the natural outdoor environment in typical populations in different\nregions in Europe (PHENOTYPE): a study programme protocol","volume":"4","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310174703700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000000549","article-title":"Fifty Shades\nof Green: Pathway to Healthy Urban Living","volume":"28","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111543","article-title":"Residential green space\ncan shape the indoor\nmicrobial environment","volume":"201","author":"Dockx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310174703700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01406-9","article-title":"Association of indoor dust microbiota with cognitive\nfunction and behavior in preschool-aged children","volume":"11","author":"Dockx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310174703700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.13011","article-title":"Indoor green can modify the indoor dust microbial\ncommunities","volume":"32","author":"Dockx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indoor Air."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101310174703700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2022.2088464","article-title":"Residential green space in association with the methylation\nstatus in a CpG site within the promoter region of the placental serotonin\nreceptor HTR2A","volume":"17","author":"Dockx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310174703700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42055-018-0002-5","article-title":"The green\nsoul of the concrete jungle:\nthe urban century, the urban psychological penalty, and the role of\nnature","volume":"1","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainable Earth"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.04.009","article-title":"Where you live matters: Correlation\nof child subjective\nwell-being to rural, urban, and peripheral living","volume":"76","author":"Gross-Manos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rural Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310174703700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw291","article-title":"Cohort\nProfile: The ENVIRonmental influence ON early\nAGEing (ENVIRONAGE): a birth cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Janssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit38","volume-title":"International\nStandard Classification of Education (ISCED)","author":"Statistics","year":"1997"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026101310174703700_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-04189-y","article-title":"Endocannabinoid and\nsteroid analysis in infant and adult nails by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"414","author":"Restin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.03.008","article-title":"Quantitative\nanalysis of steroid hormones in human\nhair using a column-switching LC-APCI-MS\/MS assay","volume":"928","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121006","article-title":"Determination\nof endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in human hair with LC-MS\/MS\nand their relation to symptoms of depression, burnout, and anxiety","volume":"217","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310174703700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200111000-00015","article-title":"Psychometric\nProperties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire","volume":"40","author":"Goodman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026101310174703700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/0954026021000046155","article-title":"Mental health of children\nand adolescents in Great Britain","volume":"15","author":"Meltzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Rev.\nPsychiatry"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026101310174703700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7937","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503402112","article-title":"Green spaces and cognitive\ndevelopment\nin primary schoolchildren","volume":"112","author":"Dadvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad.\nSci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107016","article-title":"Higher surrounding green space is associated with better attention\nin Flemish adolescents","volume":"159","author":"Bijnens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit46","unstructured":"Agentschap Digitaal Vlaanderen.\n          . Basiskaart Vlaanderen (GRB). https:\/\/www.vlaanderen.be\/digitaal-vlaanderen\/onze-diensten-en-platformen\/basiskaart-vlaanderen-grb (accessed on July 2, 2025)."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit47","unstructured":"Agentschap Digitaal Vlaanderen.\n          . Groenkaart\nVlaanderen Available from: https:\/\/www.vlaanderen.be\/digitaal-vlaanderen\/onze-diensten-en-platformen\/earth-observation-data-science-eodas\/remote-sensing-projecten-bij-digitaal-vlaanderen\/groenkaart-en-boswijzer-vlaanderen (accessed on June 20, 2025)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310174703700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-022-01523-z","article-title":"Evidence-based\nguidelines for greener, healthier, more resilient neighbourhoods:\nIntroducing the 3-30-300 rule","volume":"34","author":"Konijnendijk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Res."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit49","unstructured":"Statbel.\n          \n          https:\/\/statbel.fgov.be\/en\/news\/statistical-sector-update-2024 (accessed September 10, 2025)."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106047","article-title":"Prenatal greenspace exposure and\ncord blood cortisol levels: A cross-sectional study in a middle-income\ncountry","volume":"144","author":"Boll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026101310174703700_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.02.043","article-title":"Spatial interpolation\nof air pollution measurements using CORINE land cover data","volume":"42","author":"Janssen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310174703700_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.11.003","article-title":"Road traffic noise and\ndeterminants of saliva cortisol levels among adolescents","volume":"221","author":"Wallas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hygiene Environ. Health"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136622","article-title":"Maternal exposure to\nair pollution\nduring pregnancy and cortisol level in cord blood","volume":"713","author":"Khamirchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310174703700_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2021.1895113","article-title":"A validation study on fingernail\ncortisol: correlations\nwith one-month cortisol levels estimated by hair and saliva samples","volume":"24","author":"Izawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104903","article-title":"Human nail\ncortisol as a retrospective biomarker of chronic stress: A systematic\nreview","volume":"123","author":"Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310174703700_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14050475","article-title":"Stress in\nSchool. Some Empirical Hints on the Circadian Cortisol Rhythm of Children\nin Outdoor and Indoor Classes","volume":"14","author":"Dettweiler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ.\nRes. Public Health"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113945","article-title":"Associations of residential\ngreenness, ambient air\npollution, biological sex, and glucocorticoids levels in rural China","volume":"242","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310174703700_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ee9.0000000000000141","article-title":"Green space, air pollution, traffic noise and\nsaliva cortisol in children: The PIAMA study","volume":"5","author":"Bloemsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.028","article-title":"Residential landscape\nas a predictor of psychosocial stress in the life course from childhood\nto adolescence","volume":"120","author":"Van Aart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310174703700_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212686","article-title":"Children\u2019s\nneighbourhood physical\nenvironment and early development: an individual child level linked\ndata study","volume":"74","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310174703700_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494815570515","article-title":"Neighborhood\nenvironment and physical activity among young children: a cross-sectional\nstudy from Sweden","volume":"43","author":"Weimann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00722","article-title":"Urban Nature Experiences Reduce Stress\nin the Context of Daily Life Based on Salivary Biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Hunter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310174703700_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890701365527","article-title":"Measurement\nand meaning of salivary cortisol: A focus\non health and disease in children","volume":"11","author":"Jessop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310174703700_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2012.02.003","article-title":"Salivary\ncortisol: a tool for biobehavioral research in children","volume":"27","author":"Keil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107094","article-title":"Early\nlife exposure to residential green space impacts\ncognitive functioning in children aged 4 to 6 years","volume":"161","author":"Dockx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310174703700_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122668","article-title":"Impact of Green Space Exposure on\nChildren\u2019s\nand Adolescents\u2019 Mental Health: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Vanaken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153608","article-title":"Greenspace\nexposure and children behavior: A systematic review","volume":"824","author":"Zare Sakhvidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.01.010","article-title":"Influence\nof exposure to coarse, fine and ultrafine\nurban particulate matter and their biological constituents on neural\nbiomarkers in a randomized controlled crossover study","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.06.027","article-title":"Fine particulate matter constituents and stress hormones\nin the hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis","volume":"119","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"Volume 42, 2021","key":"2026101310174703700_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-090419-102511","article-title":"Green Infrastructure\nand Health","volume":"42","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310174703700_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80184-7","article-title":"Stress recovery during\nexposure to natural and urban\nenvironments","volume":"11","author":"Ulrich","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101310174703700_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004","article-title":"Stress and the Individual:\nMechanisms Leading to Disease","volume":"153","author":"McEwen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Internal\nMed."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2017.11.001","article-title":"Landscapes\nfor play: Effects of an intervention to promote nature-based risky\nplay in early childhood centres","volume":"54","author":"Brussoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nPsychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310174703700_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f14040660","article-title":"The Potential\nof Green Schoolyards for Healthy Child Development: A Conceptual Framework","volume":"14","author":"van den Bogerd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.08.003","article-title":"The impact of greening schoolyards on the appreciation,\nand physical, cognitive and social-emotional well-being of schoolchildren:\nA prospective intervention study","volume":"180","author":"van Dijk-Wesselius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landscape\nUrban Plann."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2016.04.015","article-title":"The impact of children\u2019s\nexposure to greenspace on physical activity, cognitive development,\nemotional wellbeing, and ability to appraise risk","volume":"40","author":"Ward","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2017.08.027","article-title":"Does Access\nto Green Space Impact the Mental Well-being of Children: A Systematic\nReview","volume":"37","author":"McCormick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310174703700_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.09.006","article-title":"Social\ncontacts as a possible mechanism behind the relation between green\nspace and health","volume":"15","author":"Maas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.07.038","article-title":"The role of public\nand private natural space in children\u2019s social, emotional and\nbehavioural development in Scotland: A longitudinal study","volume":"158","author":"Richardson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310174703700_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20300","article-title":"Cortisol and externalizing\nbehavior\nin children and adolescents: Mixed meta-analytic evidence for the\ninverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing\nbehavior","volume":"50","author":"Alink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310174703700_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0548-5","article-title":"Cortisol Stress Response Variability\nin Early Adolescence: Attachment, Affect and Sex","volume":"46","author":"Cameron","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.028","article-title":"Exploring pathways linking\ngreenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance","volume":"158","author":"Markevych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310174703700_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00694.x","article-title":"Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical\nStress Response","volume":"6","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"2026101310174703700_cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.08.005","article-title":"A dose\nof nature: Tree cover, stress\nreduction, and gender differences","volume":"132","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landscape\nUrban Planning"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04150","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28325\/68723415\/acs.est.6c04150.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28325\/68723415\/acs.est.6c04150.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:32:50Z","timestamp":1791909170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/40\/28325\/5443195\/Associations-of-Early-Childhood-Residential-Green"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04150","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}