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This review systematically examines its environmental migration, transformation pathways, and aquatic distribution, toxicity, and removal. The key findings are (1) 6PPD-Q originates mainly from tire wear and undergoes long-range transport via runoff and atmospheric circulation, with microbial processes dominating its condition-dependent biotransformation. (2) It is widely detected in surface water, groundwater, sediments, and wastewater, showing pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity driven by rainfall and snowmelt. (3) 6PPD-Q displays strong species-specific toxicity, particularly to salmonids, causing acute lethality and sublethal effects including oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and developmental toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations. (4) Removal technologies include advanced oxidation, adsorption, biodegradation, and coupled approaches. Light-driven oxidation shows promise, yet unrealistic experimental concentrations, unknown byproduct toxicity, and economic feasibility remain key barriers. Based on current findings and identified research gaps, we propose recommendations to deepen the understanding of the environmental implications of 6PPD-Q and guide the development of effective mitigation technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c04257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:01:44Z","timestamp":1788775304000},"page":"29213-29228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tire-Derived\n6PPD-Quinone\nin Water: Environmental\nFate, Ecological Risks, and Advances in Its Mitigation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Junfei","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]},{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]},{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shurun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]},{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]},{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]},{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]},{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]},{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinxue","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7805-0142","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuan-Shu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]},{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8240-8099","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bo","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]},{"name":"Sichuan University , , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610065"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"2026102007521193600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9167","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c13202","article-title":"Emissions of Nitrous Acid, Nitryl\nChloride, and Dinitrogen Pentoxide Associated with Automotive Braking","volume":"59","author":"Cooke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. 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Sci.\nEcotechnol."},{"issue":"6525","key":"2026102007521193600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd6951","article-title":"A Ubiquitous Tire Rubber\u2013Derived Chemical Induces\nAcute Mortality in Coho Salmon","volume":"371","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026102007521193600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109532","article-title":"Transformations of 6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone in Soil under Redox-Driven\nConditions: Kinetics, Product Identification, and Environmental Implications","volume":"200","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. 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Technol.\nLett."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102007521193600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.2c00467","article-title":"Urban Roadway\nRunoff\nIs Lethal to Juvenile Coho, Steelhead, and Chinook Salmonids, but\nNot Congeneric Sockeye","volume":"9","author":"French","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol.\nLett."},{"key":"2026102007521193600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127623","article-title":"Toxicological\nEffects of 6PPD and 6PPD Quinone in Zebrafish Larvae","volume":"424","author":"Varshney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026102007521193600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156013","article-title":"Multiview Behavior\nand Neurotransmitter Analysis of Zebrafish Dyskinesia Induced by 6PPD\nand Its Metabolites","volume":"838","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102007521193600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.2c00431","article-title":"Exposure to the Tire Rubber-Derived\nContaminant 6PPD-Quinone Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Vitro","volume":"9","author":"Mahoney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026102007521193600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7474","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c11823","article-title":"Structure\nand Toxicity Characterization of Alkyl Hydroxylated Metabolites of\n6PPD-Q","volume":"59","author":"Nair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026102007521193600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12878","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c12384","article-title":"Enantioselectivity\nin Metabolism and Toxicity of 6PPD-Quinone in Salmonids","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Mater."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026102007521193600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18098","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c04693","article-title":"Characterizing the Metabolism of Tire Rubber-Derived\np -Phenylenediamine Quinones to Identify Potential Exposure Biomarkers\nin Humans","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026102007521193600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9113","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c01106","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Biotransformation\nProfiling of 6PPD-Quinone toward Their Detection in Human Urine","volume":"58","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102007521193600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c18552","article-title":"Proton-Transfer\nIsomerization Driven by Strong Electric Fields in Aqueous Microdroplets","volume":"148","author":"Qi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102007521193600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-024-00236-3","article-title":"Solar-Light-Activated\nPeriodate for Degradation and\nDetoxification of Highly Toxic 6PPD-Quinone at Environmental Levels","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"2026102007521193600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.165217","article-title":"Layered Mesoporous TiO2 Loaded CQDs Activation of Periodate\nto Remove Sulfamethoxazole: Key Role of CQDs","volume":"519","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026102007521193600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.121070","article-title":"Transformation of 6PPDQ during Disinfection: Kinetics, Products,\nand Eco-Toxicity Assessment","volume":"250","author":"Jiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026102007521193600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140410","article-title":"6PPD-Q Driven Rare\nand Abundant Taxa Functional Partitioning Shapes Soil Ecological Response","volume":"500","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026102007521193600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108677","article-title":"Environmental\nProfiles, Hazard Identification, and Toxicological Hallmarks of Emerging\nTire Rubber-Related Contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone","volume":"187","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102007521193600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00148","article-title":"Occurrence\nof Substituted P-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in Dusts","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102007521193600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.2c00193","article-title":"Widespread N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N\u2019-Phenyl-p-Phenylenediamine\nQuinone in Size-Fractioned Atmospheric Particles and Dust of Different\nIndoor Environments","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol.\nLett."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102007521193600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c07376","article-title":"New Evidence of Rubber-Derived\nQuinones in Water, Air, and Soil","volume":"56","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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