{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:49:40Z","timestamp":1792500580929,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015789","name":"Dalian High-Level Talent Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024RY002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RY002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region","award":["2026LQ01004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026LQ01004"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["YESS20220158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20220158"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52476058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52476058"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["524B2077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["524B2077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effective sludge dewatering is essential for reducing sludge volume and associated transportation and disposal burdens. However, conventional approaches often require substantial chemical addition or energy input, increasing operating costs and potential secondary environmental impacts. Here, we present a CO2 hydrate crystallization-based dewatering approach that avoids conventional chemical sludge conditioners. Residual water in mechanically dewatered sludge is converted into separable solid hydrate structures, with water molecules incorporated into hydrogen-bonded hydrate cages and sludge-derived solutes and particulates excluded from the hydrate lattice. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance measurements showed that hydrate crystallization promoted the mobilization of mechanically bound water, whose relative signal fraction decreased from 68.2% to 40.7%. With methionine as a kinetic promoter, repeated hydrate formation and separation reduced the sludge water content to 59.3%. The screening-level process electricity demand was estimated at 0.247\u20130.298 kWh\/kg of removed water, depending on the cold energy recovery scenario. The process also retained most sludge-derived volatile solids and produced hydrate-dissociated water with reduced aqueous constituent levels following hydrate layer separation. These results highlight CO2 hydrate crystallization as a phase-transition-driven strategy for deep sludge dewatering, with energy integration and solid\u2013liquid separation remaining key considerations for further process development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c04440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:02:04Z","timestamp":1788951724000},"page":"29629-29639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chemical Conditioner-Free\nSludge Dewatering via CO2 Hydrate Crystallization: Coupling\nOrganic Matter Retention,\nWater Extraction, and Carbon Utilization"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Huilian","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3959-7575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lunxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad Vasheghani","family":"Farahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester , , ,","place":["Manchester, U.K., M13 9PL"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4183-336X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aliakbar","family":"Hassanpouryouzband","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh , , ,","place":["Edinburgh, U.K., EH9 3FE"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1885-1789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3735-6516","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zheng","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9752-7671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongchen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"2026102007511296100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10904","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c03029","article-title":"Zerovalent Iron Effectively Enhances\nMedium-Chain Fatty Acids Production from Waste Activated Sludge through\nImproving Sludge Biodegradability and Electron Transfer Efficiency","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026102007511296100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8844","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c00196","article-title":"Assembly of Low-Dose\nNonionic Surfactant Hydrophobic Functional Groups with Extracellular\nPolymeric Substances to Destabilize Waste-Activated Sludge and Improve\nBiomass Energy Recovery","volume":"59","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115912","article-title":"Critical review on dewatering of\nsewage sludge: Influential mechanism, conditioning technologies and\nimplications to sludge re-utilizations","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026102007511296100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19095","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c06760","article-title":"Fate and Remediation\nof Pharmaceuticals and Personal\nCare Products (PPCPs) during Anaerobic Sludge Treatment: A Review","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6191","key":"2026102007511296100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255183","article-title":"Anticipating the next century of\nwastewater treatment","volume":"344","author":"van Loosdrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026102007511296100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7688","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c13217","article-title":"Suspect and Nontarget Screening of Organic Micropollutants\nin Swiss Sewage Sludge: A Nationwide Survey","volume":"59","author":"Lara-Marti\u0301n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121191","article-title":"Unveiling\nthe role of pore characteristics in sludge dewatering: Visualization\nby Nano-CT and micromodel study","volume":"252","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.167407","article-title":"Sustainable enhancement\nof waste activated sludge dewatering via deep eutectic solvent: Insights\ninto extracellular polymeric substance disruption and environmental\nfootprint","volume":"522","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119863","article-title":"Research\nprogress in improving sludge dewaterability: sludge characteristics,\nchemical conditioning and influencing factors","volume":"351","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102007511296100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b00310","article-title":"Understanding\nMechanisms of Synergy between Acidification\nand Ultrasound Treatments for Activated Sludge Dewatering: From Bench\nto Pilot-Scale Investigation","volume":"52","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142265","article-title":"Electro-dewatering\nperformance of sewage sludge under interrupted pulsating voltage:\nA comparison between square shape and half-sine shape waveform","volume":"358","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121743","article-title":"A novel approach for sludge deep-dewatering via flowing-out\nenhancement but not relying on cell lysis and bound water release","volume":"257","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102007511296100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.116175","article-title":"Polyaluminium\nchloride surprisingly\nfacilitated microbial activity in sludge biodrying through EPS solubilization","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.07.138","article-title":"The biodrying concept: An innovative\ntechnology creating energy from sewage sludge","volume":"147","author":"Winkler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102007511296100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2019.1629689","article-title":"The biodrying\nprocess of sewage sludge \u2013 a review","volume":"38","author":"dos Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drying Technol."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.09.136","article-title":"Biodrying of sewage sludge: Kinetics\nof volatile solids\ndegradation under different initial moisture contents and air-flow\nrates","volume":"174","author":"Villegas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.08.032","article-title":"Co-treatment\nof reject water from\nsludge dewatering and supernatant from sludge lime stabilization process\nfor nutrient removal: A cost-effective approach","volume":"172","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026102007511296100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.1021\/es9005948","article-title":"Simultaneous Nitrogen and Phosphorus\nRecovery from\nSludge-Fermentation Liquid Mixture and Application of the Fermentation\nLiquid To Enhance Municipal Wastewater Biological Nutrient Removal","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6964","key":"2026102007511296100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02135","article-title":"Fundamental\nprinciples and applications of natural gas hydrates","volume":"426","author":"Sloan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102007511296100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4324","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05784","article-title":"CO2 Capture by Injection\nof Flue Gas or CO2-N2 Mixtures into Hydrate\nReservoirs: Dependence of CO2 Capture Efficiency on Gas\nHydrate Reservoir Conditions","volume":"52","author":"Hassanpouryouzband","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026102007511296100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.1039\/c8cs00989a","article-title":"Gas hydrates in sustainable chemistry","volume":"49","author":"Hassanpouryouzband","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102007511296100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-023-00262-w","article-title":"A hydrate-based zero liquid discharge\nmethod for high-concentration organic wastewater: resource recovery\nand water reclamation","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Npj Clean Water"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026102007511296100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33671","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c12943","article-title":"Spontaneous\nLifting and Self-Cleaning\nof Gas Hydrate Crystals","volume":"18","author":"Lang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2025.118741","article-title":"Rapid processing\nof dispersed hydrate-based purification\nfor high-yield seawater desalination and wastewater treatment","volume":"604","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2016.09.021","article-title":"An energy-efficient\njuice concentration technology by ethylene hydrate formation","volume":"173","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2023.108260","article-title":"Microbial production of L-methionine\nand its precursors\nusing systems metabolic engineering","volume":"69","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol.\nAdv."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102007511296100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-00999-7","article-title":"Substrate control of sulphur utilisation\nand microbial stoichiometry in soil: Results of 13C, 15N, 14C, and 35S quad labelling","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102007511296100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58734-1","article-title":"Organic\nmagnetic nanoparticles catalyze CO2 capture in hydrogen-bonded\nnanocages via water-driven crystallization","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118512","article-title":"Supplementation\nof tea polyphenols in sludge Fenton oxidation improves sludge dewaterability\nand reduces chemicals consumption","volume":"218","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119017","article-title":"Enhancing\ndata reliability in quantitative characterization of moisture distribution\nin sludge using DSC: Impact of sample attributes and test parameters","volume":"346","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026102007511296100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6057","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c00593","article-title":"Coupling\nAmino Acid with THF for the Synergistic Promotion of CO2 Hydrate Micro Kinetics: Implication for Hydrate-Based CO2 Sequestration","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2019.01.020","article-title":"A review on the role\nof amino acids in gas hydrate inhibition, CO2 capture and\nsequestration, and natural gas storage","volume":"64","author":"Bavoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat.\nGas Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102007511296100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12538-1","article-title":"Experimental investigation of CO2 uptake in CO2 hydrates formation with amino acids\nas kinetic promoters and its dissociation at high temperature","volume":"12","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102007511296100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1021\/cbe.3c00024","article-title":"Insight into the role\nof hydroxypropyl\ncellulose in tuning crystallization behaviors of DL-methionine","volume":"1","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Bio Eng."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.131858","article-title":"Promotion mechanism\nof carbon dioxide hydrate formation by L-Methionine and its competitive\neffects with NaCl","volume":"302","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.136636","article-title":"Molecular insights into the microscopic promotion mechanism\nof CO2 hydrate formation by the natural amino acid L-methionine\nfor hydrate-based CO2 sequestration","volume":"405","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163885","article-title":"Behavior of water state\ntransformation during sludge microwave dewatering:\nspecial focus on the influence of extracellular polymeric substances\nevolution characteristics","volume":"516","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102007511296100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.11.057","article-title":"Physical\nand chemical properties\nof waste-activated sludge after microwave treatment","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102007511296100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15822","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b04427","article-title":"Revealing the Underlying Mechanisms\nof How Initial pH Affects Waste\nActivated Sludge Solubilization and Dewaterability in Freezing and\nThawing Process","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.01.153","article-title":"Principle and application of hydrogen peroxide based\nadvanced oxidation processes in activated sludge treatment: A review","volume":"339","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.07.016","article-title":"Influence\nof process operating parameters on dryness level and energy saving\nduring wastewater sludge electro-dewatering","volume":"103","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.11.006","article-title":"Variations of moisture and organics\nin activated sludge during Fe0\/S2O82\u2013 conditioning-horizontal electro-dewatering process","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026102007511296100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12075","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c02718","article-title":"Advancement\nin Sewage\nSludge Dewatering with Hydrate Crystal Phase Change: Unveiling the\nMicro-Moisture Migration and Dewaterability Mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122180","article-title":"Multiple\ndrivers and mechanisms of solid-water interfacial interactions in\nsludge dewatering: Roles of polarity and molecular structure of extracellular\npolymeric substances","volume":"263","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.02.031","article-title":"Unraveling\nthe water states of waste-activated sludge through transverse spin-spin\nrelaxation time of low-field NMR","volume":"155","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120496","article-title":"Crystallization-driven\nevolution\nof water occurrence states with implications on dewaterability improvement\nof waste-activated sludge","volume":"244","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.07.041","article-title":"Dewaterability\nof five sewage sludges in Guangzhou conditioned with Fenton\u2019s\nreagent\/lime and pilot-scale experiments using ultrahigh pressure\nfiltration system","volume":"84","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2016.06.008","article-title":"Ultrahigh-pressure\nexpression of activated sludge assisted with self-flocculation caused\nby ultrasonication","volume":"112","author":"Iritani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026102007511296100_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12656","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03882","article-title":"Visible Light Driven\nOrganic Pollutants Degradation with Hydrothermally Carbonized Sewage\nSludge and Oxalate Via Molecular Oxygen Activation","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.04.011","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization for energy-efficient\nprocessing of sewage sludge: A review","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renewable\nSustainable Energy Rev."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.12.066","article-title":"A review of\nwet air oxidation and Thermal Hydrolysis technologies in sludge treatment","volume":"155","author":"Hii","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102007511296100_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6597","DOI":"10.1021\/es405099z","article-title":"Effect of\nOrganic Matter on CO2 Hydrate Phase Equilibrium in Phyllosilicate\nSuspensions","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140325","article-title":"Enhanced clathrate\nhydrate formation at ambient temperatures (287.2 K) and near atmospheric\npressure (0.1 MPa): Application to solidified natural gas technology","volume":"454","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026102007511296100_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.10.076","article-title":"Effects\nof C3H8 on hydrate formation and dissociation\nfor integrated CO2 capture and desalination technology","volume":"93","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026102007511296100_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.1021\/ie303280e","article-title":"Effects\nof Additive\nMixture (THF\/SDS) on the Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties of CO2\/H2 Hydrate in Porous Media","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102007511296100_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1515\/lpts-2015-0035","article-title":"Mathematical\nModeling of Dual Layer Shell Type Recuperation System for Biogas Dehumidification","volume":"52","author":"Gendelis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Latv. J. Phys. Technol. Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026102007511296100_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6387","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c09178","article-title":"Water-Soluble Synthetic\nPolymers: Their Environmental Emission Relevant Usage, Transport and\nTransformation, Persistence, and Toxicity","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102007511296100_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-022-03168-y","article-title":"Effects of\nsulphur amino acids on the size and structure of microbial communities\nof aerobic granular sludge bioreactors","volume":"54","author":"Rosa-Masegosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amino\nAcids"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04440","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04440\/68456530\/acs.est.6c04440.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04440\/68456530\/acs.est.6c04440.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:23:06Z","timestamp":1792498986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/41\/29629\/5426845\/Chemical-Conditioner-Free-Sludge-Dewatering-via"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"41","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04440","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}