{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:42:00Z","timestamp":1792784520076,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUT24RC(3)058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT24RC(3)058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control","award":["24K19ESPCT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K19ESPCT"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ckpzr37","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["22406017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22406017"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["224B2603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224B2603"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["22525601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22525601"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>New particle formation (NPF) substantially contributes to atmospheric aerosols, which influences human health and climate. Nighttime NPF has been observed with intensities comparable to those of daytime events in both pristine and polluted environments, yet its molecular mechanisms and driving precursors remain largely unknown. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of nighttime NPF in Dalian, a coastal city in China, based on approximately 1.5 years of measurements using state-of-the-art instruments. Our results reveal seasonally distinct driving precursors. In the spring and winter, nocturnal sulfuric acid (H2SO4) formation primarily drives NPF, with elevated H2SO4 and its clusters closely linked to particle formation, while the H2SO4 dimer formation proceeds near the collision limit. In contrast, during the summer and warm autumn, oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) abundantly emerge, whereas H2SO4 and its dimers are scarce. OOM dimers show positive correlations with nascent particles, with a mean Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.55. While organic-driven NPF has been reported only in biogenic environments, our observations provide molecular-level evidence suggesting that under anthropogenic influence, OOM dimerization may play an important role in initiating nighttime NPF in coastal urban environments during summer and warm autumn. These findings offer comprehensive mechanistic insights into nighttime NPF and underscore the importance of accounting for seasonal shifts in NPF mechanisms when modeling atmospheric aerosols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c04493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1788468412000},"page":"25635-25646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular\nCharacterization of Nighttime New Particle\nFormation in Coastal Urban Environment: Season-Dependent Roles of\nSulfuric Acid and Oxygenated Organic Molecules"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Qiuxuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rujing","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaojing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingmeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouzheng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Dalian Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Dalian Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rendan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Dalian Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-0515","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5735-9597","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215163"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7416-306X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu-Cheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki , , ,","place":["Helsinki, Finland, 00014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas R.","family":"Worsnop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki , , ,","place":["Helsinki, Finland, 00014"]},{"name":"Aerodyne Research, Inc. , , ,","place":["Billerica, Massachusetts, United States, 01821"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-7825","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Markku","family":"Kulmala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]},{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Suzhou, China, 215163"]},{"name":"University of Helsinki , , ,","place":["Helsinki, Finland, 00014"]},{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-3336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6172-190X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingkun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9119-9785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hong-Bin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511112647500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2001756","article-title":"Nucleation\nand growth of nanoparticles in the atmosphere","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. 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Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511112647500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-1515-2012","article-title":"Air pollution control\nand decreasing\nnew particle formation lead to strong climate warming","volume":"12","author":"Makkonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091511112647500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024gl108592","article-title":"Effects of a vertical cloud condensation\nnuclei concentration explosion\nin an idealized hailstorm simulation","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geophys.\nRes. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511112647500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0403-3","article-title":"The health\neffects of ultrafine particles","volume":"52","author":"Schraufnagel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. 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Meteorol."},{"key":"2026091511112647500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.118","article-title":"Observation of nighttime new particle formation over\nthe French Landes forest","volume":"621","author":"Kammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511112647500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2015-2004","article-title":"Atmospheric particle\nformation events at Va\u0308rrio\u0308\nmeasurement station in Finnish Lapland 1998\u20132002","volume":"4","author":"Vehkama\u0308ki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511112647500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-129-2008","article-title":"Formation and characteristics of\nions and charged aerosol particles in a native Australian Eucalypt\nforest","volume":"8","author":"Suni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511112647500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2010.547537","article-title":"Observations of nano-CN in the nocturnal boreal forest","volume":"45","author":"Lehtipalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511112647500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00356.x","article-title":"Observations\non nocturnal\ngrowth of atmospheric clusters","volume":"60","author":"Junninen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem.\nPhys. Meteorol."},{"key":"2026091511112647500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10S21","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007736","article-title":"Nanoparticle\ngrowth following photochemical \u03b1- and \u03b2-pinene oxidation\nat Appledore Island during International Consortium for Research on\nTransport and Transformation\/Chemistry of Halogens at the Isles of\nShoals 2004","volume":"112","author":"Russell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091511112647500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020841","article-title":"Sub-3 nm\nparticles observed at the coastal and continental sites in the United\nStates","volume":"119","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511112647500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-521-2017","article-title":"Nocturnal new particle formation events in urban environments","volume":"17","author":"Salimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511112647500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3952\/physics.v55i1.3057","article-title":"Nocturnal aerosol particle formation\nin the North China Plain","volume":"55","author":"Kecorius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lith. J. Phys."},{"key":"2026091511112647500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007JD009351","DOI":"10.1029\/2007jd009351","article-title":"Observations\nof nighttime new particle formation in the troposphere","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026091511112647500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118899","article-title":"Atmospheric particle\nnumber size distribution and size-dependent\nformation rate and growth rate of neutral and charged new particles\nat a coastal site of eastern China","volume":"270","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026091511112647500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13975","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-13975-2025","article-title":"The sources\nand diurnal variations of submicron aerosols in a coastal\u2013rural\nenvironment near Houston, US","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511112647500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-5499-2021","article-title":"Formation\nof nighttime sulfuric acid from the ozonolysis of alkenes in Beijing","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091511112647500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2021.1922598","article-title":"An indicator\nfor sulfuric acid-amine nucleation in atmospheric environments","volume":"55","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6399","key":"2026091511112647500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4839","article-title":"Atmospheric new particle formation\nfrom sulfuric acid and amines in a Chinese megacity","volume":"361","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026091511112647500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8547","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00808","article-title":"Seasonal characteristics of new particle formation\nand growth in urban Beijing","volume":"54","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Phys."},{"issue":"7489","key":"2026091511112647500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13032","article-title":"A large source of\nlow-volatility secondary organic aerosol","volume":"506","author":"Ehn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026091511112647500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-7961-2024","article-title":"Secondary\nreactions of aromatics-derived oxygenated organic molecules lead to\nplentiful highly oxygenated organic molecules within an intraday OH\nexposure","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511112647500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-1039-2010","article-title":"A high-resolution\nmass spectrometer to measure atmospheric ion composition","volume":"3","author":"Junninen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Technol."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026091511112647500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6375","DOI":"10.1021\/jp212123n","article-title":"Calibration of a chemical\nionization mass spectrometer for the measurement of gaseous sulfuric\nacid","volume":"116","author":"Ku\u0308rten","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511112647500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-1449-2016","article-title":"Characterization of the mass-dependent\ntransmission efficiency of a CIMS","volume":"9","author":"Heinritzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026091511112647500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17777","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c04214","article-title":"Resolving atmospheric\noxygenated organic molecules in urban Beijing using online ultrahigh-resolution\nchemical ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"58","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026091511112647500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13646","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02095","article-title":"Contribution\nof atmospheric oxygenated organic compounds to particle growth in\nan urban environment","volume":"55","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091511112647500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9681","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-9681-2021","article-title":"Highly oxygenated organic molecule\n(HOM) formation in the isoprene oxidation by NO3 radical","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026091511112647500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8383","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-8383-2023","article-title":"Large differences\nof highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) and low-volatile species\nin secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from ozonolysis of \u03b2-pinene\nand limonene","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026091511112647500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1423977112","article-title":"Production\nof extremely low volatile organic compounds from biogenic emissions:\nMeasured yields and atmospheric implications","volume":"112","author":"Jokinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026091511112647500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120462","article-title":"A bipolar\nSMPS network for measuring atmospheric aerosols using natural air\nions","volume":"325","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091511112647500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.091","article-title":"Measurement of the nucleation of\natmospheric aerosol particles","volume":"7","author":"Kulmala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511112647500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5194\/ar-2-49-2024","article-title":"Opinion:\nA paradigm shift in investigating the general characteristics of atmospheric\nnew particle formation using field observations","volume":"2","author":"Kulmala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aerosol Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511112647500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5194\/ar-1-81-2023","article-title":"Nanoparticle ranking\nanalysis: determining new particle\nformation (NPF) event occurrence and intensity based on the concentration\nspectrum of formed (sub-5 nm) particles","volume":"1","author":"Aliaga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aerosol\nRes."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511112647500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar5218","article-title":"Observations of biogenic\nion-induced\ncluster formation in the atmosphere","volume":"4","author":"Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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