{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:44:53Z","timestamp":1792784693033,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indiana Space Grant Consortium Graduate Student Fellowship","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wks2x74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Commission under the Horizon 2020 ? Research and Innovation Framework Programme","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Particulate nitrate (pNO3\u2013) present in biomass burning aerosols has been found to efficiently release reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) in a process called renoxification. Despite the importance this process has in promoting ozone formation in the lower atmosphere, mechanisms responsible for highly efficient renoxification from pNO3\u2013 are not well understood. Herein, we show that renoxification from pNO3\u2013 is enhanced in the presence of catechol and related phenols, which act as strong reductants that directly reduce NO3\u2013 to HONO and NO when they absorb UV\u2013visible light. Aerosol chamber studies using nebulized solutions of gallic acid and nitrate showed that 23 times more NOy was formed with gallic acid in comparison to pNO3\u2013 photolysis in the absence of gallic acid. Renoxification was found to be pH-dependent, with HONO formation also occurring at pH 8, which is higher than the pKa of HONO, suggesting phenols are also acting as photoacids in this system. Our findings provide insights into the role of phenol-containing aerosols in contributing to the control of NOy budgets in biomass burning plumes and bring us closer to more accurately representing pNO3\u2013 renoxification in atmospheric chemistry models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c04742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T19:01:30Z","timestamp":1789844490000},"page":"27944-27954","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Renoxification via\nReduction of Inorganic Nitrate\nby Photoacids in Aerosols"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Melssen Pfahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University , , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , , ,","place":["Bloomington, Indiana, United States, 47405"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9581-6007","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yare\u0302","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstr. 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3236-9780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Mettke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstr. 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7995-4285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstr. 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7044-2101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hartmut","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstr. 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2574-8061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Raff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University , , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , , ,","place":["Bloomington, Indiana, United States, 47405"]},{"name":"Indiana University , , 1415 East 10th Street , , ,","place":["Bloomington, Indiana, United States, 47405"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100609063175500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1039\/b502128f","article-title":"Global partitioning\nof NOx sources using satellite observations: relative roles\nof fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soil emissions","volume":"130","author":"Jaegle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100609063175500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1039\/b307982c","article-title":"Gas-phase\nradical chemistry in the troposphere","volume":"34","author":"Monks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem.\nSoc. 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Phys."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026100609063175500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8307","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.3c04322","article-title":"Ultrafast Excited-State Proton Transfer\nin 4-Nitrocatechol: Implications for the Photochemistry of Nitrophenols","volume":"127","author":"Dalton","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026100609063175500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9456","DOI":"10.1021\/ja901930c","article-title":"Photoacid\nfor Extremely Long-Lived\nand Reversible pH-Jumps","volume":"131","author":"Nunes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100609063175500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cptc.202300325","article-title":"Ultrafast Spectroelectrochemistry of the Catechol\/o-Quinone\nRedox Couple in Aqueous Buffer Solution","volume":"8","author":"Goia","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemPhotoChem"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026100609063175500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14261","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP06656F","article-title":"Solvent reorganization\ntriggers photo-induced\nsolvated electron generation in phenol","volume":"21","author":"Sandler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys.\nChem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026100609063175500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD036414","article-title":"Particle-Phase\nUptake and Chemistry of Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules (HOMs)\nFrom \u03b1-Pinene OH Oxidation","volume":"127","author":"Poulain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res.:\nAtmos."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100609063175500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.2c00385","article-title":"Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) through Uptake of Isoprene\nHydroxy Hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH) and its Oxidation Products","volume":"7","author":"Mettke","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"2026100609063175500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1021\/jp973042r","article-title":"Thermodynamic Model of the System\nH+ \u2212NH4+ \u2212SO42- \u2212NO3- \u2212H2O at Tropospheric Temperatures","volume":"102","author":"Clegg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nA"},{"issue":"D14","key":"2026100609063175500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ACH","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000451","article-title":"Atmospheric aerosol\nmodels for systems including the\nions H+, NH4+, Na+, SO42\u2013, NO3\u2013, Cl\u2013, Br\u2013, and H2O","volume":"107","author":"Wexler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100609063175500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-657-2012","article-title":"Mobility\nparticle size spectrometers: harmonization\nof technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality\nlong-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions","volume":"5","author":"Wiedensohler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609063175500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1021\/es000303t","article-title":"A New Instrument To\nMeasure Gaseous Nitrous Acid (HONO) in the Atmosphere","volume":"35","author":"Heland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026100609063175500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.03.027","article-title":"Intercomparison of\nthe DOAS and LOPAP techniques for the detection of nitrous acid (HONO)","volume":"40","author":"Kleffmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100609063175500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9633","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01363","article-title":"Evidence\nfor Quinone Redox Chemistry Mediating Daytime and Nighttime NO2-to-HONO Conversion on Soil Surfaces","volume":"51","author":"Scharko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026100609063175500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0683972","article-title":"Molecular Dynamics\nSimulations of the Solution-Air Interface of Aqueous Sodium Nitrate","volume":"111","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100609063175500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915660117","article-title":"The surface tension\nof surfactant-containing, finite volume droplets","volume":"117","author":"Bzdek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100609063175500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19595","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c00720","article-title":"Microdroplet\nSurface Drives and Accelerates\nProton-Controlled, Size-Dependent Nitrate Photolysis","volume":"147","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. 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Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100609063175500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.7b00123","article-title":"Aqueous Phase Photo-oxidation of Brown Carbon Nitrophenols:\nReaction Kinetics, Mechanism, and Evolution of Light Absorption","volume":"2","author":"Hems","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100609063175500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00614","article-title":"Photolysis of Nitroaromatic\nCompounds under Sunlight: A Possible\nDaytime Photochemical Source of Nitrous Acid?","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. 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