{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:45:41Z","timestamp":1791913541710,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Climate change causes species extinction not only by the direct increase in surface temperatures but also by indirect mechanisms, like sea level rise (SLR). These indirect mechanisms are rarely integrated into environmental impact assessment methods, such as life cycle assessment (LCA). In this study, we address this gap by outlining a new impact pathway within the life cycle impact assessment framework that links greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to ecosystem damages via climate change-induced SLR for 244 different GHGs. We use the latest global digital terrain model with corrected referencing between sea level and coastal elevation for a new globally differentiated and open-source flood model predicting the areas flooded by SLR with a spatial resolution of 1 arc-second (\u223c30\u202fm). The effects on ecosystems are quantified by computing the potentially disappeared fraction of species caused by flooding in coastal ecoregions worldwide for five terrestrial taxa. A spatial analysis of the results shows that vascular plants and reptiles face the highest extinction risks from SLR, with regional hot spots identified in Central America and across many islands of Southeast Asia. We recommend integrating the developed impact pathway into the LCA framework to better capture impacts to species-rich and particularly vulnerable coastal ecoregions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c04798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T10:06:11Z","timestamp":1790589971000},"page":"28566-28576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sea Level Rise Damages\non Ecosystem Quality\u2500A\nLife Cycle Impact Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1110-8346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nele","family":"Teutloff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universita\u0308t Berlin , , ,","place":["Berlin, Germany, 10623"]},{"name":"Technical University of Denmark , , ,","place":["Lyngby, Denmark, 2800"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Dorber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Trondheim, Tr\u00f8ndelag, Norway, NO-7491"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter K. R.","family":"Holzapfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universita\u0308t Berlin , , ,","place":["Berlin, Germany, 10623"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Finkbeiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universita\u0308t Berlin , , ,","place":["Berlin, Germany, 10623"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0445-7983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexis","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark , , ,","place":["Lyngby, Denmark, 2800"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56475-3","volume-title":"Life\nCycle Assessment: theory and Practice","author":"Hauschild","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.05.206","article-title":"LCIA framework and cross-cutting\nissues guidance within the UNEP-SETAC\nLife Cycle Initiative","volume":"161","author":"Verones","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Summary for policymakers of the thematic\nassessment of the interlinkages among biodiversity, water, food and\nhealth (NEXUS assessment) of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy","author":"Hauschild","year":"2024","journal-title":"Platform On Biodiversity And Ecosystem Services"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12816","article-title":"The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact,\nfiction or speculation?","volume":"97","author":"Cowie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit5","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Climate Change 2022:\nimpacts, Adaptation,\nand Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment\nReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Cooley","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit6","first-page":"197","article-title":"Climate Change 2022:\nImpacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability","volume-title":"Contribution\nof Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental\nPanel on Climate Change","author":"Parmesan","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit7","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Climate Change 2022: impacts, Adaptation\nand Vulnerability","volume-title":"Contribution of Working\nGroup II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel\non Climate Change","author":"Cisse\u0301","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-016-1246-y","article-title":"ReCiPe2016: a harmonised life cycle impact assessment\nmethod at midpoint and endpoint level","volume":"22","author":"Huijbregts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Life Cycle Assess."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101310163043200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-019-01583-0","article-title":"Supporting\nInformation\nsection IMPACT World+: a globally regionalized life cycle impact assessment\nmethod","volume":"24","author":"Bulle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13018","article-title":"LC-IMPACT: A regionalized\nlife cycle damage assessment method","volume":"24","author":"Verones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind.\nEcol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109201","article-title":"Global characterization\nfactors for quantifying the impacts of increasing water temperature\non freshwater fish","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9364","DOI":"10.1021\/es102260c","article-title":"Characterization factors for thermal\npollution in freshwater aquatic environments","volume":"44","author":"Verones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6384","DOI":"10.1021\/es3045423","article-title":"Biodiversity\nimpacts from salinity increase in a coastal wetland","volume":"47","author":"Amores","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04656","article-title":"Modeling the Impact\nof Salinity Variations on Aquatic Environments: Including Negative\nand Positive Effects in Life Cycle Assessment","volume":"56","author":"Roiba\u0301s-Rozas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13934","DOI":"10.1021\/es403870z","article-title":"Including\nthe introduction of exotic species in life cycle impact assessment:\nThe case of inland shipping","volume":"47","author":"Hanafiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit16","volume-title":"The Physical\nScience Basis","author":"IPCC Climate Change.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit17","first-page":"321","volume-title":"IPCC\nSpecial Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10196-1","article-title":"Sea level much higher than assumed in most coastal\nhazard assessments","volume":"652","author":"Seeger","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56475-3_10","volume-title":"Life cycle\nassessment","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109204","article-title":"Global\nextinction probabilities\nof terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species groups for use in Life\nCycle Assessment","volume":"142","author":"Verones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit21","volume-title":"The Physical Science Basis","author":"IPCC Climate Change.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5272","DOI":"10.1021\/es1039634","article-title":"Characterization\nfactors for water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions based on\nfreshwater fish species extinction","volume":"45","author":"Hanafiah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2023.107159","article-title":"Spatially and taxonomically explicit\ncharacterisation\nfactors for greenhouse gas emission impacts on biodiversity","volume":"198","author":"Iordan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-018-1443-y","article-title":"Global guidance on environmental\nlife cycle impact assessment indicators: impacts of climate change,\nfine particulate matter formation, water consumption and land use","volume":"23","author":"Jolliet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit25","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Global Guidance\nfor Life Cycle Impact\nAssessment Indicators","author":"Levasseur","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit26","volume-title":"The Physical Science Basis","author":"IPCC Climate Change.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit27","volume-title":"Climate change metrics: IPCC AR6 updates,\ndiscussions and dynamic assessment applications","author":"Zieger","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit28","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Physical Science Basis","author":"IPCC Climate Change.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL092064","article-title":"Projecting global mean sea-level change using CMIP6\nmodels","volume":"48","author":"Hermans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7461","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-16-7461-2023","article-title":"The Framework for Assessing Changes To Sea-level\n(FACTS) v1. 0: a platform for characterizing parametric and structural\nuncertainty in future global, relative, and extreme sea-level change","volume":"16","author":"Kopp","year":"2023","journal-title":"EGU European Geosciences Union"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit31","volume-title":"IPCC\nAR6 Sea Level Projections. Version 20210809","author":"Garner"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit32","unstructured":"IPCC, IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas.\n          \n          https:\/\/interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch\/, Accessed: 2022\u201309\u201301."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit33","unstructured":"IPCC,CEDA Archive - Summary for Policymakers of the Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report - data for Figure SPM.8.\n          \n          https:\/\/data.ceda.ac.uk\/badc\/ar6_wg1\/data\/spm\/spm_08\/v20210809\/panel_a."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050366","article-title":"Uncertainties\nin tidally adjusted estimates of sea\nlevel rise flooding (bathtub model) for the greater London","volume":"8","author":"Yunus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2023.102524","article-title":"Flow-tub model:\nA modified bathtub flood model with hydraulic connectivity and path-based\nattenuation","volume":"12","author":"Kasmalkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03091-9","article-title":"DeltaDTM:\nA global coastal digital terrain model","volume":"11","author":"Pronk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci.\nData"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1065\/lca2006.12.292.1","article-title":"Assessment\nof Land Use Impacts on the Natural Environment. Part 1: An Analytical\nFramework for Pure Land Occupation and Land Use Change (8","volume":"12","author":"Scholz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New\nMap of Life on EarthA\nnew global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool\nfor conserving biodiversity","volume":"51","author":"Olson","year":"2001","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-020-01816-7","article-title":"Regionalized LCA in practice: the\nneed for a universal shapefile to match LCI and LCIA","volume":"25","author":"Pfister","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit40","unstructured":"WWF.\n          \n          World Wildlife Fund Terrestrial\nEcoregions\nof the World. https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/publications\/terrestrial-ecoregions-of-the-world, Accessed 2025\u201309\u201307."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2307\/2255763","article-title":"Species and\narea","volume":"9","author":"Arrhenius","year":"1921","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623387","volume-title":"Species\nDiversity in Space and Time","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9987","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02507","article-title":"Quantifying Land Use\nImpacts on Biodiversity: Combining Species-Area Models and Vulnerability\nIndicators","volume":"49","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134582","article-title":"Global characterization\nfactors for\nterrestrial biodiversity impacts of future land inundation in Life\nCycle Assessment","volume":"712","author":"Dorber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19612","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04191","article-title":"Biodiversity impact assessment considering\nland use\nintensities and fragmentation","volume":"57","author":"Scherer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06173","article-title":"Potential consequences of regional\nspecies loss for global species richness: a quantitative approach\nfor estimating global extinction probabilities","volume":"53","author":"Kuipers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit47","unstructured":"Verones, F.; Kuipers, K. J. J.; Nu\u0301n\u0303ez, M.; Rosa, F.; Scherer, L.; Marques, A.; Michelsen, O.; Barbarossa, V.; Jaffe, B.; Pfister, S.; et al., Global extinction probabilities\nof terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species groups. https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/14499582, 2024."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00177-3","article-title":"Emissions\u2013the\n\u2018business as usual\u2019\nstory is misleading","volume":"577","author":"Hausfather","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12183","article-title":"The Delta Programme and updated flood risk management policies in\nthe Netherlands","volume":"9","author":"Van Alphen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit50","volume-title":"Application Guide for\nthe 2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report","author":"Collini","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit51","volume-title":"Unified Sea Level Rise Projection: southeast\nFlorida, 2019 Update","author":"Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact Sea Level Rise Work Group.","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit52","volume-title":"Coastal Hazards Adaptation\nStrategy","author":"Infrastructure Australia.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01834-x","article-title":"Status of global coastal adaptation","volume":"13","author":"Magnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Clim.\nChang."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit54","unstructured":"Earth, O.\n          \n          Bahamian-Antillean Mangroves. https:\/\/www.oneearth.org\/ecoregions\/bahamian-antillean-mangroves\/, Accessed: 26.03.2026."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9322","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810306106","article-title":"A global assessment\nof endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions","volume":"106","author":"Kier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit56","volume-title":"Kyoto protocol\nto the united nations\nframework convention on climate change","author":"United Nations.","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026101310163043200_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.06.049","article-title":"Enhancing\nlife cycle impact assessment from climate science: Review of recent\nfindings and recommendations for application to LCA","volume":"71","author":"Levasseur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04798","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28566\/68673026\/acs.est.6c04798.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28566\/68673026\/acs.est.6c04798.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:52:39Z","timestamp":1791910359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/40\/28566\/5439733\/Sea-Level-Rise-Damages-on-Ecosystem-Quality-A-Life"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04798","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}