{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:12:40Z","timestamp":1788437560922,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00335536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00335536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Aerosol phase state governs condensed-phase diffusion and heterogeneous reactivity, yet viscosity constraints for ambient urban PM2.5 remain scarce. Here, we quantified relative humidity (RH)-dependent viscosities of urban PM2.5 collected in Ansan, South Korea, during summer 2024 using a poke-and-flow technique coupled with fluid-dynamics simulations, yielding 6.2 \u00d7 104 to 1.3 \u00d7 107 Pa s at RH \u223c20\u201340% and exceeding \u223c108 Pa s at RH &amp;lt; \u223c10%. Integrating the Ansan data set with previously reported PM2.5 viscosities from Seoul and Beijing, a unified temperature\u2013RH parametrization was derived using the Vogel\u2013Tammann\u2013Fulcher framework and applied via a machine-learning surrogate to hourly meteorological data from 14 global megacities over September 2023\u2013August 2024. Predicted PM2.5 viscosity was systematically lower at night than during the day across all cities, driven by RH-induced plasticization that outweighed nighttime cooling, although these predictions were based on 24 h PM2.5 composition and therefore did not include time-resolved changes in aerosol chemical composition. Incorporating viscosity-dependent N2O5 diffusivity into a resistor-model framework yielded mean nighttime N2O5 uptake coefficients of approximately 0.01\u20130.07, up to approximately 1 order of magnitude below the conventional liquid-particle assumption of 0.1, though substantial uncertainty remains from propagated viscosity measurement errors and parametrization assumptions. These results suggest that viscosity measurements from field-collected PM2.5 can provide improved estimates of diurnal aerosol-phase conditions relevant to nocturnal N2O5 reactivity and nitrate formation in urban atmospheres.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c04811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T10:01:23Z","timestamp":1787220083000},"page":"24251-24259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field-Constrained\nDiurnal Viscosity Variability of\nUrban PM2.5 and Implications for N2O5 Uptake across Global Megacities"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-1342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tien Van","family":"Do","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonbuk National University , , , ,","place":["Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea, 54896"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwangyul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Research , , ,","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea, 22689"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-1998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mijung","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonbuk National University , , , ,","place":["Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea, 54896"]},{"name":"Jeonbuk National University , , , ,","place":["Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea, 54896"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7521","key":"2026090307144451100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13774","article-title":"High\nsecondary\naerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in\nChina","volume":"514","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307144451100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4098","article-title":"Asian pollution\nclimatically modulates\nmid-latitude cyclones following hierarchical modelling and observational\nanalysis","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090307144451100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12421","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-12421-2011","article-title":"Long-term\nimpacts of aerosols on precipitation and lightning over the Pearl\nRiver Delta megacity area in China","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem.\nPhys."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090307144451100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17581","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c06377","article-title":"Comparison\nof phase states of PM2.5 over megacities, Seoul and Beijing,\nand their implications on particle size distribution","volume":"56","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307144451100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.4c00019","article-title":"Influence of relative humidity and\ncomposition on PM2.5 phases in Northeast Asia","volume":"8","author":"Seong","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307144451100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03027-z","article-title":"The viscosity of atmospherically\nrelevant organic particles","volume":"9","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090307144451100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15560","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP01666F","article-title":"Influence of particle viscosity on\nmass transfer and heterogeneous ozonolysis kinetics in aqueous\u2013sucrose\u2013maleic\nacid aerosol","volume":"20","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090307144451100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10215","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-10215-2021","article-title":"Viscosity\nand phase state of aerosol\nparticles consisting of sucrose mixed with inorganic salts","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026090307144451100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19238","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cp22617g","article-title":"Glass transition\nand phase state of organic compounds: dependency on molecular properties\nand implications for secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere","volume":"13","author":"Koop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307144451100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00043","article-title":"Direct observation\nof liquid\u2013liquid phase separation and core\u2013shell morphology\nof PM2.5 collected from three Northeast Asian Cities and\nimplications for N2O5 hydrolysis","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Air"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307144451100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-26-2319-2026","article-title":"Temperature\u2013RH\ndependent viscosity of organic\naerosols from 273 to 303 K: implications for global N2O5 uptake","volume":"26","author":"Ullah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090307144451100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(91)90266-9","article-title":"Relaxation\nin liquids, polymers and plastic crystals-strong\/fragile patterns\nand problems","volume":"131\u2013133","author":"Angell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307144451100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4809","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-4809-2024","article-title":"Simulated phase state\nand viscosity of secondary organic\naerosols over China","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307144451100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.1c00094","article-title":"Diurnal and\nseasonal variations in\nthe phase state of secondary organic aerosol material over the contiguous\nUS simulated in CMAQ","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307144451100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01196","article-title":"Aerosol phase\nstate and its link to chemical composition and liquid water content\nin a subtropical coastal megacity","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307144451100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-2399-2024","article-title":"Particle phase state and aerosol liquid water greatly\nimpact secondary aerosol formation: insights into phase transition\nand its role in haze events","volume":"24","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090307144451100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.7b00352","article-title":"Submicrometer particles are in the\nliquid state during heavy haze episodes in the urban atmosphere of\nBeijing, China","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307144451100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027264","article-title":"Key role of\nnitrate in phase transitions of urban particles: implications of important\nreactive surfaces for secondary aerosol formation","volume":"123","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307144451100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15002","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15002","article-title":"Global distribution\nof particle phase state in atmospheric secondary organic aerosols","volume":"8","author":"Shiraiwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307144451100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.3c00039","article-title":"Viscosity, glass formation, and mixing\ntimes within secondary organic aerosol from biomass burning phenolics","volume":"7","author":"Kiland","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307144451100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8201","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-8201-2020","article-title":"Predicting secondary\norganic aerosol phase state and viscosity and its effect on multiphase\nchemistry in a regional-scale air quality model","volume":"20","author":"Schmedding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307144451100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c16878","article-title":"Phase behavior of polluted\nand clean urban winter PM2.5 from optical observations\nand thermodynamic equilibrium modeling","volume":"60","author":"Do","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"27","key":"2026090307144451100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11003","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103045108","article-title":"Gas uptake\nand chemical aging of semisolid organic aerosol particles","volume":"108","author":"Shiraiwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090307144451100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8014","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219548110","article-title":"Viscosity\nof \u03b1-pinene secondary organic material and implications for\nparticle growth and reactivity","volume":"110","author":"Renbaum-Wolff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl.\nAcad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307144451100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1002\/2018JD028336","article-title":"Heterogeneous N2O5 uptake during winter: aircraft measurements\nduring the 2015 WINTER campaign and critical evaluation of current\nparameterizations","volume":"123","author":"McDuffie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"5757","key":"2026090307144451100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120120","article-title":"Variability in nocturnal nitrogen oxide processing\nand its role in regional air quality","volume":"311","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090307144451100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13599","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-13599-2015","article-title":"Viscous organic aerosol\nparticles in the upper troposphere: diffusivity-controlled water uptake\nand ice nucleation?","volume":"15","author":"Lienhard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090307144451100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00353-4","article-title":"Photochemistry\nin the arctic free troposphere: NOX budget\nand the role of odd nitrogen reservoir recycling","volume":"37","author":"Stroud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"D9","key":"2026090307144451100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00158","article-title":"Global simulation\nof tropospheric\nO3-NOX-hydrocarbon chemistry: 1. Model formulation","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"D19","key":"2026090307144451100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23073","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000807","article-title":"Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated\nmeteorology: Model description and evaluation","volume":"106","author":"Bey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"D19","key":"2026090307144451100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22931","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900206","article-title":"Effects of\naerosols on tropospheric oxidants: A global model study","volume":"106","author":"Tie","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"D4","key":"2026090307144451100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7149","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02979","article-title":"Reaction of N2O5 on tropospheric\naerosols: Impact on the global distributions of NOx, O3, and OH","volume":"98","author":"Dentener","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307144451100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL0","article-title":"Impact of new\nlaboratory studies of N2O5 hydrolysis on global\nmodel budgets of tropospheric nitrogen oxides, ozone, and OH","volume":"32","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307144451100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-2463-2015","article-title":"Validation of the\npoke-flow technique combined with simulations of fluid flow for determining\nviscosities in samples with small volumes and high viscosities","volume":"8","author":"Grayson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307144451100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-5145-2015","article-title":"Relative humidity-dependent viscosities of isoprene-derived\nsecondary organic material and atmospheric implications for isoprene-dominant\nforests","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090307144451100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7311","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-26-7311-2026","article-title":"Highly viscous\nphase behavior of organic-rich urban PM2.5","volume":"26","author":"Ullah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090307144451100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12515","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-12515-2019","article-title":"Liquid\u2013liquid\nphase separation and viscosity within secondary organic aerosol generated\nfrom diesel fuel vapors","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307144451100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.0c00296","article-title":"Humidity-dependent viscosity of secondary organic aerosol\nfrom ozonolysis of \u03b2-caryophyllene: measurements, predictions,\nand implications","volume":"5","author":"Maclean","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026090307144451100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2208121119","article-title":"Sunlight can convert atmospheric\naerosols into a glassy solid state and modify their environmental\nimpacts","volume":"119","author":"Baboomian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"39","key":"2026090307144451100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14548","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03231","article-title":"Phase behavior\nand viscosity in biomass burning organic aerosol and climatic impacts","volume":"57","author":"Gregson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307144451100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6331","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-6331-2018","article-title":"Predicting the glass\ntransition temperature and viscosity of secondary organic material\nusing molecular composition","volume":"18","author":"DeRieux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307144451100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.102.013","article-title":"Entropy\nand fragility in supercooling liquids","volume":"102","author":"Angell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Res.\nNatl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307144451100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.1c00296","article-title":"Global distribution\nof the phase state and mixing times within secondary organic aerosol\nparticles in the troposphere based on room-temperature viscosity measurements","volume":"5","author":"Maclean","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307144451100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.09.003","article-title":"Nighttime\nenhancement of PM2.5 nitrate in ammonia-poor atmospheric\nconditions in Beijing and Shanghai:\nPlausible contributions of heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 and HNO3 partitioning","volume":"45","author":"Pathak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090307144451100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11261","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-11261-2018","article-title":"Summertime fine particulate\nnitrate pollution in the North China Plain: increasing trends, formation\nmechanisms and implications for control policy","volume":"18","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"0","key":"2026090307144451100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1039\/fd9950000065","article-title":"Entry of\ngas molecules into liquids","volume":"100","author":"Davidovits","year":"1995","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090307144451100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13615","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-13615-2015","article-title":"Viscosity controls\nhumidity dependence of N2O5 uptake to citric\nacid aerosol","volume":"15","author":"Grz\u030cinic\u0301","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"6532","key":"2026090307144451100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd7716","article-title":"Reactive uptake\nof N2O5 by atmospheric\naerosol is dominated by interfacial processes","volume":"371","author":"Galib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307144451100_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JD037495","article-title":"Enrichment of organic\nacids in fine particles over a megacity in South China","volume":"128","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090307144451100_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-7551-2023","article-title":"Evolution\nand chemical characteristics of organic aerosols during wintertime\nPM2.5 episodes in Shanghai, China: insights gained from\nonline measurements of organic molecular markers","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307144451100_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-1759-2017","article-title":"Anthropogenic\ninfluences on the physical state of submicron particulate matter over\na tropical forest","volume":"17","author":"Bateman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090307144451100_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b07319","article-title":"Bouncier\nparticles at night: biogenic\nsecondary organic aerosol chemistry and sulfate drive diel variations\nin the aerosol phase in a mixed forest","volume":"53","author":"Slade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307144451100_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.54364\/AAIML.2021.1111","article-title":"The climatic temporal feature space: continuous and discrete","volume":"01","author":"Small","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Artif. Intell. Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307144451100_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL103242","article-title":"The aggravation of summertime nocturnal\nozone pollution\nin China and its potential impact on the trend of nitrate aerosols","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090307144451100_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JD039092","article-title":"Time-resolved measurements of PM2.5 chemical composition\nand brown carbon absorption in Nanjing, East China: diurnal variations\nand organic tracer-based PMF analysis","volume":"128","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes. Atmos."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307144451100_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.4c00281","article-title":"Global simulations\nof phase state and equilibration time scales of secondary organic\naerosols with GEOS-Chem","volume":"9","author":"Luu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307144451100_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2010.551672","article-title":"Heterogeneous atmospheric\nchemistry, ambient measurements,\nand model calculations of N2O5: a review","volume":"45","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090307144451100_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13155","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-13155-2018","article-title":"Heterogeneous\nN2O5 uptake coefficient and production yield\nof ClNO2 in polluted northern China: roles of aerosol water\ncontent and chemical\ncomposition","volume":"18","author":"Tham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307144451100_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6395","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-6395-2025","article-title":"Direct measurement\nof N2O5 heterogeneous uptake\ncoefficients on atmospheric aerosols in southwestern China and evaluation\nof current parameterizations","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090307144451100_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10995","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-10995-2011","article-title":"Predicting the relative humidities\nof liquid-liquid\nphase separation, efflorescence, and deliquescence of mixed particles\nof ammonium sulfate, organic material, and water using the organic-to-sulfate\nmass ratio of the particle and the oxygen-to-carbon elemental ratio\nof the organic component","volume":"11","author":"Bertram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307144451100_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-5693-2014","article-title":"Reactive\nuptake of N2O5 to internally mixed inorganic\nand organic particles: the\nrole of organic carbon oxidation state and inferred organic phase\nseparations","volume":"14","author":"Gaston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04811","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/34\/24251\/66889473\/acs.est.6c04811.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/34\/24251\/66889473\/acs.est.6c04811.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:14:49Z","timestamp":1788434089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/34\/24251\/5277365\/Field-Constrained-Diurnal-Viscosity-Variability-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c04811","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]}}}