{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:54:42Z","timestamp":1787072082214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNCI-2025489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNCI-2025489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 ES035963-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 ES035963-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent studies have raised concerns regarding the chemical composition of commercial menstrual products, revealing the presence of potentially harmful additives and the release of nanosized particles during use. These findings suggest a previously underrecognized route of nanoparticle exposure via vaginal contact, with possible implications for reproductive health. In this study, tampons from five commercially available U.S. brands were evaluated for their potential to release nanoparticles (NPs) and to elicit hematological effects through activation of intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. Under experimental conditions, released NPs were collected and characterized for size and concentration using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, followed by chemical identification using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Chemical characterization showed that three brands released polyethylene plastic NPs primarily from the tampon cover, while cellulose-based NPs composed of cotton or rayon were released from the cover and\/or absorbent core. To assess biological impact, activated Factor XII (FXII) and Thrombin-Antithrombin (TAT) III complex concentrations were measured. Tampon-derived NPs increased FXII activation by up to 6-fold and reduced TAT levels by up to 40% relative to physiological baselines. Together, these findings suggest that synthetic, semisynthetic, and natural tampon fibers shed NPs capable of differentially activating blood coagulation pathways, highlighting a potential mechanistic link between particle surface chemistry, coagulation activation, and reproductive health risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T17:04:23Z","timestamp":1785949463000},"page":"22245-22255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization\nand Coagulation Effects of Nanoparticles\nShed from Tampons"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7408-9938","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jade N.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University , , Johnson Hall, 105 SW 26th St #116 , , ,","place":["Corvallis, Oregon, United States, 97331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AnneMarie V.","family":"Hasbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University , , Johnson Hall, 105 SW 26th St #116 , , ,","place":["Corvallis, Oregon, United States, 97331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4542-2386","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire M.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University , , Johnson Hall, 105 SW 26th St #116 , , ,","place":["Corvallis, Oregon, United States, 97331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3572-778X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaitlin C.","family":"Fogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University , , Johnson Hall, 105 SW 26th St #116 , , ,","place":["Corvallis, Oregon, United States, 97331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-689X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joe E.","family":"Baio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University , , Johnson Hall, 105 SW 26th St #116 , , ,","place":["Corvallis, Oregon, United States, 97331"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081810421735200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128169","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1128169","article-title":"Period Poverty and Mental Health of Menstruators during COVID-19\nPandemic: Lessons and Implications for the Future","volume":"4","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Glob. Womens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810421735200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00327-3","article-title":"Personal Care\nProduct Use among Diverse\nWomen in California: Taking Stock Study","volume":"31","author":"Dodson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\nExpo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026081810421735200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105740","article-title":"Volatile Organic\nCompounds in Feminine Hygiene Products Sold in the US Market: A Survey\nof Products and Health Risks","volume":"144","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810421735200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EN00755F","article-title":"Release of\nMicroplastic Fibres and Fragmentation to Billions of Nanoplastics\nfrom Period Products: Preliminary Assessment of Potential Health Implications","volume":"9","author":"Munoz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Nano"},{"key":"2026081810421735200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108849","article-title":"Tampons as a Source of Exposure to Metal(Loid)s","volume":"190","author":"Shearston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810421735200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00331-1","article-title":"Menstrual Products as a Source of\nEnvironmental Chemical Exposure: A Review from the Epidemiologic Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Upson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810421735200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvag094","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvag094","article-title":"Estrogenic Activity\nin Tampon Products","volume":"10","author":"Sutherland","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Endocr Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810421735200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17668","article-title":"Chemicals in Menstrual\nProducts: A Systematic Review","volume":"131","author":"Marroquin","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J.\nObstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"2026081810421735200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111820","article-title":"Microplastic\u2019s Story","volume":"162","author":"Schmid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. 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Basel Switz."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810421735200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05559","article-title":"Microplastics and Nanoplastics\nin Aquatic Environments: Aggregation, Deposition, and Enhanced Contaminant\nTransport","volume":"52","author":"Alimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Biol. Med."},{"key":"2026081810421735200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00551","article-title":"Crosstalk Between\nFemale Gonadal Hormones and Vaginal Microbiota Across Various Phases\nof Women\u2019s Gynecological Lifecycle","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front.\nMicrobiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810421735200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-020-00474-y","article-title":"Evaluation of the\nEffect of Crosslinking Method of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogels on\nThrombogenicity","volume":"11","author":"Bates","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Eng. 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Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810421735200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1021\/la104720n","article-title":"Protein Adsorption\nat Charged Surfaces: The Role of\nElectrostatic Interactions and Interfacial Charge Regulation","volume":"27","author":"Hartvig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810421735200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9418(01)00124-6","article-title":"Polyethylene Characterization\nby FTIR","volume":"21","author":"Gulmine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810421735200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.12691\/wjce-4-2-1","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis\nof Copolymers and Blends of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) Using Fourier\nTransform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Elemental Analysis (EA)","volume":"4","author":"D\u2019Amelia","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"2026081810421735200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.56530\/spectroscopy.xp7081p7","article-title":"The Infrared\nSpectra of Polymers II: Polyethylene","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spectroscopy"},{"key":"2026081810421735200_cit35","volume-title":"Distinction of Polyethylene\nand Polypropylene by Infrared Spectrum","author":"Abo","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810421735200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2004.08.005","article-title":"Characterization\nof Cotton Fabric Scouring by FT-IR\nATR Spectroscopy","volume":"58","author":"Chung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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Spectrosc."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081810421735200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16192807","article-title":"Degradation of Polymer\nMaterials in the Environment and Its Impact on the Health of Experimental\nAnimals: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810421735200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17101313","article-title":"Effect of Acid Hydrolysis\nConditions on the Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals","volume":"17","author":"Serrano-Marti\u0301nez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026081810421735200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0452-z","article-title":"Tampon\nUse, Environmental Chemicals and Oxidative Stress in the BioCycle\nStudy","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081810421735200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.012","article-title":"Effect\nof the Interplay between Protein and Surface\non the Properties of Adsorbed Protein Layers","volume":"35","author":"Ouberai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810421735200_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205511","article-title":"Thrombin-Antithrombin\nComplex Measurement Using a Point-of-Care\nTesting Device for Diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation\nin Dogs","volume":"13","author":"Rimpo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810421735200_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000001130","article-title":"The Role\nof Thrombin in Haemostasis","volume":"33","author":"Al-Amer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810421735200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-011-0281-9","article-title":"The Roles\nof Thrombin and Protease-Activated Receptors\nin Inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810421735200_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01377.x","article-title":"Protease-activated\nReceptors in Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology","volume":"3","author":"Coughlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost"},{"key":"2026081810421735200_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.116","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory\nMechanism of Various\nMetal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Plant Extracts:\nA Review","volume":"109","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810421735200_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608582104","article-title":"Understanding\nthe Nanoparticle\u2013Protein Corona Using Methods to Quantify Exchange\nRates and Affinities of Proteins for Nanoparticles","volume":"104","author":"Cedervall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810421735200_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440300025504","article-title":"Clinical Safety-in-Use\nStudy of a New Tampon Design","volume":"11","author":"Shehin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. 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