{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:06:40Z","timestamp":1788876400920,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22406026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22406026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2525006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2525006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) remains the leading cause of premature deaths, despite declining mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the atmosphere. Age-standardized attributable death rates demonstrated divergent trends worldwide over the past decade, indicating that the uniform toxicity assumption underlying current regulations warrants re-examination. In this perspective, we synthesize recent advances in toxicological evaluation, epidemiological research, and modeling studies to advocate for a toxicity-based control as a future promising option. Incomplete combustion sources, especially residential solid fuels and wildfires, exhibit the highest toxicity per unit PM2.5 mass from primary emissions to secondary aging. Integrating source-specific toxicities, high-risk regions (South Asia, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Andean Latin America, and China) show substantially elevated toxicity-adjusted PM2.5 exposure. Low-income populations, which account for around 8.2% of the global population, bear 24.0% of the global cumulative toxicity-adjusted exposure burden, mainly driven by reliance on cheap solid fuels and wildfire emissions. We suggest that prioritizing control of high-toxicity PM2.5 sources in low- and midlow-income regions could complement current mass-based reductions to further mitigate health inequalities. This toxicity-focused framework offers actionable pathways for policymakers and environmental justice scholars, aligning air quality management with climate, equity, and sustainable development goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:43:55Z","timestamp":1788191035000},"page":"24545-24552","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shifting PM2.5 Control from Mass to Toxicity\nfor Health Equity Worldwide"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Xiwen","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200433"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4397-7320","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200433"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200433"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200433"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200433"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-8999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haidong","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0587-1748","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200433"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6698","key":"2026090809071561100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade4487","article-title":"Rice\u2019s trajectory from wild to domesticated in East Asia","volume":"384","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809071561100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219118120","article-title":"Paintings by Turner\nand Monet depict trends in 19th\ncentury air pollution","volume":"120","author":"Albright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. 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